The phylum Echinodermata has several synapomorphies, but each subgroup modifies these synapomorphies and thus it is difficult to relate these groups.

a) List three synapomorphies for the phylum Echinodermata.

b) For each of the synapomorphies you list, how do you expect those features to differ between the asteroids and holothuroids?

c) For the phylum Echinodermata, which class do you think is most similar? Why?

d) What phyla were the Echinodermata historically confused with, and why? Which do they most relate to and how is this known?

Discuss the impact to hemoglobin structure/function from exercise, high altitude, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, 2, 3 BPG, etc.

12. What are the different classes of immunoglobulin? 13. What specific roles does each class of immunoglobulin play in host immunity?

Cinnabar eyes (cn) and reduced bristles (rd) are autosomal recessive characters in Drosophila. A homozygous wild-type female was crossed to a reduced, cinnabar male, and the F1 males were then crossed to the F1 females to obtain the F2. Of the 400 F2 offspring obtained, 292 were wild type, 9 were cinnabar, 7 were reduced, and 92 were reduced and cinnabar.

Briefly explain (2 sentences) these results and estimate the distance between the cn and rd loci.

Describe the process by which the information in a gene is transcribed and translated into a protein. Correctly use these words in your description (and highlight them as bold text in your submission):

• tRNA
• amino acid
• start codon
• transcription
• mRNA
• gene
• codon
• RNA polymerase
• ribosome
• translation
• anti-codon
• peptide bond
• stop codon

2. A protein spans the nuclear membrane, with a small extranuclear domain, a substantial segment crossing the nuclear membrane, and a domain within the nucleus. It is

(a) a peripheral membrane protein

(b) an integral membrane protein

(c) a lipid-anchored protein

(d) impossible

The observation is made that a row of tomato plants has failed to produce any fruit. Another hypothesis about the failure to produce fruit is:

The lack of rain during the preceding month has halted fruit development.   

Devise a testable prediction from this hypothesis.

what happen to the enzymes of an organism when is placed in an environment at a temperature higher than the maximum growth temperature? Does the organism die or only stop growing (stop cell division)? Why?

Excessive alcohol consumption has been strongly linked with fatty liver disease
(steatosis) and individuals with defective very low density lipoprotein cholesterol
(VLDL-c) are at higher risk of developing the condition. Explain how excessive
alcohol intake can be a risk factor of steatosis and the increase risk in alcohol
consumers with defective VLDL-c.

b. Triglycerides (TG) mobilization from adipocytes is crucial for survival during
starvation. A patient was found losing weight and showed drastic reduction of
energy (ATP) within few days of fasting. Further laboratory investigations
revealed that the patient lacks the ability to store fats, marked by high rate of TG
mobilization. Give the possible reasons for the increased lipolysis and also
explain how albumin level can be used as an indicator of lipolysis.

Please answer the following questions regarding your microbe. Please cite all of your sources.

a) What is the life cycle of disease for your microbe in humans?

b) What virulence factors does your microbe possess?

c) What is known about the regulation and function of the virulence factors in your microbe?

1) A plasmid has the antibiotic resistance genes for kanamycin and ampicillin. You insert foreign DNA into the ampicillin resistance gene. E. coli containing the recombinant plasmid (plasmid + foreign DNA) will grow in the presence of ampicillin but not in the presence of kanamycin.

A)True

B)False

2)Expression of a gene could result in...

A) transcription of a mRNA from the gene

B) transcription of a protein from the gene

C) translation of the DNA of the gene

3)Restriction enzymes like EcoRI are endonucleases. An endonuclease will...

A) Break glycosidic bonds

B) Break a phosphodiester bond only at the 3' or 5' end of DNA

C) Break a phosphodiester bond in the interior of a polynucleotide but not at the ends.

1. Describe the gene and protein E. coli beta-glucuronidase. What is its biological function?

2. Describe the pET28a plasmid.  

Compared to glycerol (shown), O₂ has a higher rate of passive permeability through a cell membrane. Which of these correctly explains why? Choose all that apply.

a. The most energetically challenging part of traversing a membrane is passing through the hydrophobic interior. Hydrophobic molecules can more easily do this and so can pass through membranes more easily.

b. The most energetically challenging part of traversing a membrane is passing through the polar head groups. Polar molecules can more easily do this and so can pass through membranes more easily.

c. Being composed of two identical atoms, electrons are shared equally within O₂, making it non-polar, while glycerol is polar.

d. Glycerol is more hydrophobic than O₂, which contains highly electronegative atoms.

e. O₂ is smaller than glycerol

I am trying to isolate the proteins found in the blood of Alzheimer's patients with the hope of finding a biomarker that can potentially indicate the early onset of the disease and was wondering how I could do so? I know centrifugation is an option but how would I go about doing it specifically?

-my end goal is to simply isolate the proteins from the blood samples in order to run ITRAQ analysis on them and MS analysis after