Usain Bolt, a world champion sprinter, can run a 10-meter split in 0.82 seconds. Say you obtain a quadriceps muscle sample from Usain Bolt and compare it to one from a 25-year-old male long-distance runner. What differences do you expect to observe between those two muscle samples? Select all that apply.

A) red and white muscle fibers of larger cross-sectional area in Usain Bolt's leg muscles

B) more mitochondria in Usain Bolt's leg muscles

C) more fast-twitch fibers in Usain Bolt's leg muscles

1. Oxygen plays an important role in distinguishing the lifestyles of prokaryotes. Name and describe the five modes of growth bacteria can exhibit in response to oxygen (0.5 pts for each correct lifestyle and description). Provide a bacterial species as an example for each lifestyle and list which clade it belongs to (e.g. Lysinibacillus parviboronicapiens is a Gram-positive bacteria – you won’t get credit if you use this example. 0.5 pts for each correct example and clade).

It may be said that it each week it takes 8000 pounds of grass to feed a small herd of zebras (which together weighs 3000 pounds). These zebras will sustain a group of lions, which together weigh 1000 pounds. Why does it take more energy stored in one level of this simple food chain to sustain the next level of the food chain? Your answer lies in the laws of thermodynamics.

Describe two causes of BOTH the fast and the slow phase of EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption).

Similarities and differences between natural, domestic, and sexual selection.

Please answer both questions:

1. A number of different buffers/components are used in the PCR. Explain the function of each:

DNA plasmid

Primer pair

dNTPs mixture

Taq polymerase

2. In our PCR reaction the optimum annealing temperature is 56^oC. Explain the general factors that help determine the optimum annealing temperature of a PCR reaction

An organism that possesses all the enzymes of the EMP and Pentose Phosphate pathway

has remarkable metabolic flexibility. Consider, for example, the need that organisms have

for erythrose-4-phosphate. Devise a metabolic sequence that will accomplish net synthesis

of erythrose-4-phosphate from glucose without the accumulation of any other

intermediates. (10 points).

How would a variation in fatty acid chain length and saturation affect the fluidity of a membrane. Describe how a glycerophospholipid and a sphingolipid would be positioned in this membrane.

A female fruit fly with the recessive mutant phenotype of white eyes and miniature wings is mated with a male possessing the wild-type phenotype of red eyes and normal wings. Among the F1s, all the females are wild-type while all the males exhibit the mutant phenotype. The F2s resulting from a test cross exhibit predominantly (63%) parental phenotypes. How do you explain these results?

1. Please discuss briefly the design and operation of batch heat sterilization of liquids. What factors affect the sterilization time of the batch system and how does a system achieve a desired level of cell destruction?

2. Is it possible to achieve absolute sterility? Explain.

3. What are the advantages of continuous over batch sterilization of liquids.

4. Explain why for the batch sterilization design is based on the number of microorganism and not on the concentration.

Cite all references.

Allopatric, sympatric, and parapatric speciation can occur in the same location at the same time. How?

1. Write the complimentary DNA sequence of the template strand below: 5’-TACGAATGCGCTATGTAAGCT3’
2. What is the complimentary RNA sequence of the DNA strand above and what is the amino acid sequence?
3. If you have an RNA transcript that is 100 bp, how many codons does it contain?
4. If you take the template DNA that is shown in question 1 and you mutate the 6^thnucleotide from A to G how does that impact the polypeptide sequence
5. Is it better to have a mutation that inserts 1 nucleotide or a deletion that deletes 3 nucleotides? Explain your answer

People with DiGeorge Syndrome are born without a thymus. Discuss, in detail, (250 words) the repercussions to body defense mechanisms caused by this disease.

1.Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P). It bypasses the irreversible glycolytic reaction of glucokinase. Select the best answer that explains why G6Pase does not catalyze the reverse reaction of glucokinase.

A. G6Pase catalyzes an endergonic reaction

B. G6Pase hydrolyzes G6P

C. G6Pase requires energy from ATP to dephosphorylate G6P

D. G6Pase requires only one substrate

5. Insulin and glucagon oppositely control glucose metabolism in the liver. The former is elevated in response to a carbohydrate meal (fed state) and the latter in response to fasting. Show the overall effect of each on the pathways of glucose metabolism.

OPTIONS FOR TABLE: increase or decrease