1. Describe the two adaptive immune responses (B cells and T cells) that respond to changes in cells in our body such as infections or cancer.

Explain how the electron transport chain functions to generate ATP in terms of electron
carriers, oxygen as the electron acceptor, the four inner membrane proteins, the hydrogen
concentration gradient, water and ATP synthase.

A black haired mouse was crossed to a hairless mouse. Since it lacked hair, it was impossible to tell if its hair was black or brown. All the F1 progeny had black hair. When these F1 progeny were mated among themselves (to obtain the F2 generation), 96 were black, 43 were hairless, and 30 were brown

(a) What is the approximate observed phenotypic ratio of these offspring? (1 points)

(b) Explain the pattern of inheritance observed here (what are the genotypes that correspond to the observed phenotypes). Assume that the two genes involved are called A and B. (4 points)

(c) What are the actual genotypes of the original parents? (2 points)

(d) What are the actual genotypes of the F1 black haired mice? (1 point)

(e) What are the actual genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 black, hairless, and brown mice, respectively (list all genotypes and phenotypes)? (5 points)

Research the role of  Pasteur, Koch,  and Lister's contributions to Germ Theory of disease and their contributions to long term immunity. Are their contributions relevant in today's health-care community?

1. What are the various types of B cells, and how do the types differ?

2. What are the various types of T cells, and how do the types differ?

3. How does an immune response differ if a pathogen is encountered again one year later?

How is growth measured, both directly and indirectly? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

2. Describe how information storage and processing and replication of genetic information may have taken place in a population of RNA-based life-forms on the early Earth.

What are the two different mechanisms where someone could be born with down syndrome? detail is required in order to show how the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes

What effects does drug addiction have on SOCIETY, including family and friends?( 8pts) Explain each.

During an incremental maximal exercise test what would a normal response be to HR, SBP, DBP, Ventilation, EKG. Also, what would an abnormal response be for each?

The transport of ions across cell membranes is a key part of the processes of generation and conduction of action potentials in neurons.

1. a) Why do ions require an integral membrane protein in order to pass across neuronal cell membranes?

2. Briefly discuss the specific ion channels and transporters that are involved in the generation and conduction of a neuronal action potential, and indicate whether the protein is involved in facilitated diffusion or active transport of ions.

3. How does myelination of the axon of a neuron affect the transport of ions across the membrane and the conduction of an action potential?

What is an amyloid?

Are all amyloid structurally the same? Provide examples to support the case.

Please be detailed in response

1)One of the greatest advances in early paleontology was the recognition by Cuvier and others that “the history of life…was long, mutable, and full of fantastical creatures that no longer existed”this passage relates to the theory of evolution and natural selection

How did biostratigraphy help inform the insight above?

2)Fully explain the chain of events that leads to low calcium ion availability in the oceans.

What is the age structure of a population. Explain how it affects population growth and economic growth. What are some problems related to rapid population decline due to an aging population?