1. The respiratory diaphragm is a

a. hypaxial muscle

b. expaxial mucle

c. smooth muscle

d. spinchter muscle

2. The pharyngeal constrictor muscles are derived from which arch?

a. arch 3

b. arch 4-6

c. arch 2

d. arch 1

3. The brain develops from the folding and expansion of the notochord

a. true

b. false

1. It is critical that infants learn emotional self-regulation. How do parents teach this in the first years of life?
2. Describe the rouge test. What does it indicate about infant socioemotional development?
3. What is the Strange Situation and what do the different attachment styles tell us about an infant?
4. Which neurotransmitters, not hormones, are important to the development of attachment and why?

Can you describe in detail the environmental situation and cultural inventions and capabilities concerning Homo erectus leaving Africa?

Name the body system composed of hormone producing structures:

Name the body system that generates movement and heat

Part A

The left renal vein __________.

Part B

Which of the following correctly describes the position of the kidneys?

Part C

The ureters __________.

Using a flow diagram (arrows), describe the pathway of pulmonary circulation. List the valves involved in each pathway.

1. Calculate and show example of the

(a) Urine production rate (ml/min)

(b) Na⁺ excretion rate (mmol/min)

(c) Osmolar excretion rate (mOsm/min)

2. What are the possible reason that could lead to one of the subjects have high urine production rate but low urine flow rate? Provide and explain using two examples

Trace (either draw a picture or write words and arrows) the path of sound from the outer ear to interpretation by the brain, detailing what each step in the pathway is generally responsible for. This does not have to be extremely detailed (e.g. cell types), but should show pathways and the function of specific nuclei & brain areas.

8.) Name the locations where you would typical find the following tissue types: stratified squamous epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, transitional epithelium

9.) Describe the organizational chart.

Fill in the table below:

1. What are the problems of the portal blood returning to the caval/systemic circulation in liver cirrhosis? (Answer: 2 sentences)

2. What are the 2 vessels on the esophagus that are communicating in the portocaval anastomosis? What is Caput Medusae? (Answer: 1 sentence)

3. Why esophageal varices develop? What is their danger? (Answer: 2 sentences)

Please match all terms

_________ 1. Retraction                                           A. movement away from the midline

_________ 2. Dorsiflexion                                        B. movement to turn foot outward

_________ 3. Eversion                                             C. palm moved to face posteriorly

_________ 4. Inversion                                            D. palm moved to face anteriorly

_________ 5. Pronation                                             E. movement to posterior plane

_________ 6. Plantar flexion                                    F. movement to stand on tiptoes

_________ 7. Protraction                                          G. movement in anterior plane

_________ 8. Supination                                          H. movement to turn foot inward

_________ 9. Adduction                                           I. movement to stand on heels

_________ 10. Abduction                                        J. movement toward midline

Please complete entire table:

Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs:

The chemical Bay K8644 is an activator of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels.   If you were to inject this chemical into a frog, how would you predict neuron function would be affected? Make sure you describe how an action potential reaching the synapse results in a response in the post-synaptic cell (i.e. what are the steps involved in chemical synapse function)?

Fill in the Table Below: