Here is information on a patient:

heart rate = 70 beats per minute

blood pressure 150/90

end-diastolic volume = 125 mL

stroke volume = 75 mL

Please answer the following questions:

A. What is the peak ventricular pressure? (must include units)

B. What is the pressure to open the aortic semilunar valve? (must include units)

C. What is this person's cardiac output? (must include units)

D. What is this person's end-systolic volume? (must include units)

Thank you for the help!

Endocrine Case Histories - Case 29

A 50-year-old male had a total thyroidectomy followed by thyroid hormone-replacement therapy. Thirty-six hours later he developed laryngeal spasms, a mild tetany, and cramps in the muscles of the hands and arms. The following tests were performed:

Urine calcium 20 mg/dL
Urine phosphorus 0.1 g/day Plasma calcium 7.0 mg/dL Plasma phosphorus 5.0 mg/dL

Calcium gluconate and vitamin D (calcitriol) were given orally each day and the tetany and laryngeal spasms were alleviated.

1. Discuss this patient’ blood values.

2. What endocrine gland’s functions are impaired in this case?

3. What endocrine disorder is present in this person?

4. What is the purpose of vitamin D administration with the calcium?

5. What caused the tetany and laryngeal spasms?

6. Describe how blood calcium is normally maintained at its physiological level.

7. Does this patient require hormone replacement for this new condition?
Discuss what could possibly happen if he were not treated with this hormone.

8. List all essential hormones.

MUSCLES OF THE NECK

Superficial Neck Muscles:

• Sternocleidomastoid

QUESTION:
1. Explain how during unilateral activation, the SCM can contralaterally rotate the neck

Deep Neck Muscles:

• Scalenes

QUESTION:
2. Would the scalene muscles assist with forced or passive respiration?

MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK

Axioappendicular Muscles:

• Trapezius

• Rhomboid Major

• Pectoralis Minor

• Latissimus Dorsi

• Rhomboid Minor

• Subclavius

•Levator Scapulae

-Pectoralis Major

-Serratus Anterior

QUESTIONS

3. Which muscles are deep and which ones are superficial?

4. Why do pectoralis major and minor have such different actions?

5. Which muscle is most responsible for a “winged scapula”?

Back Muscles:

• Iliocostalis • Longissimus • • Semispinalis • Multifidus • Spinalis -Rotatores

QUESTIONS:

6. What is the overall function of the erector spinae muscle group with bilateral contraction? Unilateral contraction?

7. What is the overall function of the transversospinales group with bilateral contraction? Unilateral contraction?

Abdominal Muscles:

• Rectus Abdominis

• External Oblique

• Tendinous Intersections

• Transversus Abdominis

• Internal Oblique

• Abdominal Aponeurosis

• Linea Alba
• Inguinal Ligament

QUESTION:

8. What is the relative position of each of the 4 muscles (i.e. which is deepest, which is most superficial)?

9. What structures underlie the “6-pack” seen in people with strong abdominal muscles?

10.How would you specifically strengthen the oblique muscles?

ANSWER ALL OF THE BOLDED TEXT ABOVE.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Spinal Cord & Associated Structures:

• Grey Matter

• Cauda Equina

• Anterior White Column

• Anterior Gray Horn

• Anterior Median Fissure

• Efferent Nerve

• White Matter
• Cervical Enlargement

• Lateral White Column

• Lateral Gray Horn
• Posterior Median Sulcus

• Conus Medullaris
• Lumbar Enlargement
• Posterior White Column

• Posterior Gray Horn

• Afferent Nerve

1. What type of information does an afferent nerve carry?

2. What type of information does an efferent nerve carry?

Spinal Nerve Structures:

• Dorsal & Ventral Rootlets • Dorsal & Ventral Root

• Spinal Nerve
3. Does the root of the spinal nerve carry mixed information? What about the ramus?

• Dorsal & Ventral Rami • Dorsal Root Ganglion 2. Dorsal rami only supply what area of the body?

Brachial Plexus Structures:

• Roots •

• Cords •

• Ulnar Nerve •

4. What is actually happening when you hit your “funny bone”?

• Divisions
• Median Nerve

• Axillary Nerve

Trunks Musculocutaneous Nerve

Radial Nerve

Lumbosacral Plexus Structures:

• Femoral Nerve • Superior Gluteal Nerve • Inferior Gluteal Nerve

• Sciatic Nerve

• 5.Which nerve exits out the greater sciatic foramen ABOVE the piriformis muscle?

• 6.What is the most obvious way to differentiate between sciatic nerve and inferior gluteal nerve?

carnival nerve

7. Match the cranial nerves with their associated roman numeral:

CN I CN II CN III CN IV CN V CN VI CN VII CN VIII CN IX CN X CN XI CN XII

Cranial nerves:

A. Vagus nerve
B. Trigeminal nerve
C. (Spinal) Accessory nerve D. Optic nerve
E. Olfactory nerve
F. Glossopharyngeal nerve G. Oculomotor nerve
H. Trochlear nerve
I. Abducens nerve
J. Hypoglossal nerve
K. Vestibulocochlear
L. Facial nerve

8. Indicate which cranial nerve passes through each foramen:

Ethmoid Bone
Olfactory Foramina: ___________________________________________________

Sphenoid Bone
o Optic Canal: _________________________________________________________

o Superior Orbital Fissure: _______________________________________________

o Foramen Rotundum: __________________________________________________

o Foramen Ovale: ______________________________________________________

Temporal Bone
o Internal Auditory Meatus: _______________________________________________

Occipital Bone
o Jugular Foramen: _____________________________________________________

o Hypoglossal Canal: ___________________________________________________

ANSWER ALL THE ABOVE

Using Growth Hormone (GH) as an example, explain a hypothalamic – pituitary – target organ relationship. A drawing may be helpful but be sure to include words to explain the picture.

Answer the following questions (please cite your textbook or other reference you use, no wikis please)
1. Skeletal muscle cells produce glucose carriers (GLUT 4 transporters). Rather then having these transporters continually on their surface, they store them inside vesicles within the cell. During exercise (muscular contraction), these vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell, inserting the transporters into the membrane. This allows glucose to enter the cell by passive transport. Which of the factors that affect simple diffusion has been altered in this example?
2. Recall the chemiosomotic synthesis of ATP occurring inside the mitochondria. Would you expect to measure an electrical potential across the inner membrane of the mitochondria when chemiosmosis is active? Why or why not? If so, which compartment in the mitochondria would have a more positive charge?

Please answer the specific questions no need for additional information.

three types of salivary glands and describe their functions

Hominid Anatomy Lab

Terms   Response for chart

Sagital crest - crest of bone across the top of the skull yes or no

Facial Prognathism - protruding jaw    yes or no

Browridges - bony protrusion above eyes Yes or no

Post-orbital constriction - constriction of cranium behind eye orbits Yes or no

Location of eye socket - placement of eyes    forward or to the side

Dental formula    2-1-3-3 or 2-1-2-3

Projecting canines - large, long canine teeth projecting beyond tooth row yes or no

Diastema - gap in tooth row to allow for projecting canines yes or no

Describe in detail how an action potential is generated in a neuron. In your answer, identify all the phases and specify the membrane potential and the events occurring at each phase.

Explain structural strain theory. List and define the five modes of adaptation.

1. Outline the physiology of inspiration vs. expiration. Consider these things: the muscles involved, if these muscles are contracting or relaxing, the way volumes and pressures are changing in the thoracic cavity, and the relationship between these pressures and volumes.

2. What does it mean if a system has negative pressure? What forces cause the negative intrapleural pressure between breaths?

During endochondral ossification, the very first step in turning a hyaline model into bone is

Action potentials on the surface of the sarcolemma originate at the

The most immediate, most effective source of ATP for a muscle fiber that needs to perform at maximum output for a short period of time (less than 10 seconds) is

During contraction of the sarcomere, the role of Ca⁺² is to