In: Anatomy and Physiology
1a. Distinguish between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and association neurons in terms of structure, location, and function.
1b. Describe the structure of the sheath of Schwann, or neurilemma, and explain how it promotes nerve regeneration. Explain how a myelin sheath is formed in the PNS.
1c. Explain how myelin sheaths are formed in the CNS. How does the presence or absence of myelin sheaths in the CNS determine the color of this tissue?
1d. Define the terms depolarization and repolarization, and illustrate these processes graphically.
1e. Describe how the permeability of the axon membrane to Na 1 and K 1 is regulated and how changes in permeability to these ions affect the membrane potential.
1f. Describe how gating of Na 1 and K 1 in the axon membrane results in the production of an action potential.
1g. Explain the all-or-none law of action potentials, and describe the effect of increased stimulus strength on action potential production. How do the refractory periods affect the frequency of action potential production?
1h. Describe how action potentials are conducted by unmyelinated nerve fibers. Why is saltatory conduction in myelinated fibers more rapid?
1i. Describe the location of neurotransmitters within an axon and explain the relationship between presynaptic axon activity and the amount of neurotransmitters released.
1j. Describe the sequence of events by which action potentials stimulate the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic axons.
1k. Explain how chemically regulated channels differ from voltage-regulated channels and the nature of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
1l. Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.
1m. Explain how ligand-gated channels operate, using muscarinic ACh receptors as an example.
1n. Describe where stimulatory and inhibitory effects of muscarinic ACh receptors occur and how these effects are produced.
1o. Compare the properties of EPSPs and action potentials, identify where in a neuron these are
1p. Explain the significance of glutamate in the brain and of NMDA receptors.
1q. Describe the mechanism of action of glycine and GABA as neurotransmitters, and discuss their significance.
1r. Explain how nitric acid is produced in the body, and describe its functions.
1s. Define spatial summation and temporal summation, and explain their functional importance.
1t. Explain how postsynaptic inhibition is produced and how IPSPs and EPSPs can interact.
1u. Describe the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition.produced.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
give a brief account on bacterial aerobic respiration insisting on main phases of this respiration
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Discuss the components of the “mouth” and include one usual abnormal finding
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Discuss the gallbladder and include one usual abnormal finding
In: Anatomy and Physiology
describe the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
name 2 hormones that regulate eating and how do they function? 250 words
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Which of these statements about the skull is true?
| A. |
The mastoid process is a prominent lump just anterior to the ear. |
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| B. |
The zygomatic arch consists of joined processes between the frontal and zygomatic bones. |
|
| C. |
All of these statements are true. |
|
| D. |
The nasal conchae are bones that from the nasal septum. |
|
| E. |
The external acoustic meatus is a canal in the temporal bone |
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Referring to specific anatomical structures, how is vision affected by the physical structures of the eye?
a) Eyeballs of a newborn are shorter (front to back) than the eyes of an adult
b) In some individuals, continued growth of eyeballs front to back exceeds the average rate
c) In some individuals, continued growth of eyeballs front to back is slower than the average rate
d) During aging, overall melanin production tends to decline
In: Anatomy and Physiology
3. Explain how Douglas Bag and Electronic Gas analyzer is made and tools used. How to Perform a Vo2 max test?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe how the kidney is able to regulate independently the volume, the concentration, and the composition of urine.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1. What are the similarities and differences between how sign language and oral language are organised in the brain? How has the study of aphasia assisted with understanding the relationship between these two types of language?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Can someone please explain.. I don't get the quick and slow parts..
1. During action potentials in the heart,
a. voltage-gated K+ channels slowly repolarize; voltage-gated Na+ channels slowly depolarize; voltage-gated calcium channels quickly depolarize; voltage gated K+ channels slowly repolarize
b. voltage-gated K+ channels quickly repolarize; voltage-gated Na+ channels quickly depolarize; voltage-gated calcium channels quickly depolarize; voltage gated K+ channels quickly repolarize
c. voltage-gated K+ channels quickly repolarize; voltage-gated Na+ channels slowly depolarize; voltage-gated calcium channels slowly depolarize; voltage gated K+ channels quickly repolarize
d. voltage-gated K+ channels quickly repolarize; voltage-gated Na+ channels quickly depolarize; voltage-gated calcium channels slowly depolarize; voltage gated K+ channels quickly repolarize
In: Anatomy and Physiology