1. Gas Exchange and Transport

(A) Discuss the factors affecting gas exchange in the lungs

(B) Discuss the factor affecting the transport in the blood

C) Discuss the effect of bicarbonate on oxygen transport

(D) Discuss oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange at the tissue level

describe and discuss the musculoskeletal system and describe 5 terms associated with this musculoskeletal system

how do convergence, receptive field size, acuity and cortical magnification relate?

The release of renin from the kidney plays an important role in maintaining a constant body Na+ content.

a) Explain why it is extremely important that total body Na+ content remains constant.

b) What causes the release of renin from the kidney?

c) Describe how the kidney regulates total body Na+ content.

Gait Abnormalities:

1- Ankle Dorsiflexion Weakness

2- Knee Flexion Contracture

question: discuss the gait abnormalities separately as following:

(i) Their common etiologies

(ii) The "Normal" gait description

(iii) Their Pathological Presentation

(iv) Your recommendation to improve or correct the gait abnormalities including the justifications

You can include drawings if you think that will give a better representation.

types and roles of white blood cells according to their frequency in the plasma

1. Mechanism underlying the use of hemodialysis machine
2.challenges associated with the use of hemodialysis machine

Please add references to it

Explain the purpose of the right and left atrioventricular valves as well as the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.

1a. Distinguish between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and association neurons in terms of structure, location, and function.

1b. Describe the structure of the sheath of Schwann, or neurilemma, and explain how it promotes nerve regeneration. Explain how a myelin sheath is formed in the PNS.

1c. Explain how myelin sheaths are formed in the CNS. How does the presence or absence of myelin sheaths in the CNS determine the color of this tissue?

1d. Define the terms depolarization and repolarization, and illustrate these processes graphically.

1e. Describe how the permeability of the axon membrane to Na 1 and K 1 is regulated and how changes in permeability to these ions affect the membrane potential.

1f. Describe how gating of Na 1 and K 1 in the axon membrane results in the production of an action potential.

1g. Explain the all-or-none law of action potentials, and describe the effect of increased stimulus strength on action potential production. How do the refractory periods affect the frequency of action potential production?

1h. Describe how action potentials are conducted by unmyelinated nerve fibers. Why is saltatory conduction in myelinated fibers more rapid?

1i. Describe the location of neurotransmitters within an axon and explain the relationship between presynaptic axon activity and the amount of neurotransmitters released.

1j. Describe the sequence of events by which action potentials stimulate the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic axons.

1k. Explain how chemically regulated channels differ from voltage-regulated channels and the nature of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

1l. Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.

1m. Explain how ligand-gated channels operate, using muscarinic ACh receptors as an example.

1n. Describe where stimulatory and inhibitory effects of muscarinic ACh receptors occur and how these effects are produced.

1o. Compare the properties of EPSPs and action potentials, identify where in a neuron these are

1p. Explain the significance of glutamate in the brain and of NMDA receptors.

1q. Describe the mechanism of action of glycine and GABA as neurotransmitters, and discuss their significance.

1r. Explain how nitric acid is produced in the body, and describe its functions.

1s. Define spatial summation and temporal summation, and explain their functional importance.

1t. Explain how postsynaptic inhibition is produced and how IPSPs and EPSPs can interact.

1u. Describe the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition.produced.

give a brief account on bacterial aerobic respiration insisting on main phases of this respiration

Discuss the components of the “mouth” and include one usual abnormal finding

Discuss the gallbladder and include one usual abnormal finding

describe the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease