Explain how the anion gap measurement would differ if acidosis were caused by respiratory versus metabolic illness. Hint: think about what happens to the bicarbonate in each

6- According to the definition of an acid and the definition of a base, will the pH increase, decrease, or remain the same when NaCl is added to pure water? Explain.

7- What is a hydrogen bond? Explain how a hydrogen bond forms.

8- What feature of a soap molecule gives it cleaning ability?

9- What ion is responsible for a) acidic properties and b) basic properties?

10- Explain why a pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution -why not some other number?

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1)What is the functional unit of the kidney

2)What are the two parts of this unit?

3)What are each of these parts primarily responsible for?

4)Why do we need our kidneys to perform their job?

5)Why do we need our kidneys to perform their job?

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8. Identify the preservative: p. 340, 10^th ed. “Other Agents”

a.) _________________________________ to preserve dried fruits and molasses.

b.) _________________________________ used to retard mold in bread.

c.) _________________________________ used to preserve cured meats and some cold cuts.

d.) ___________ was a “wonder chemical” after WWII because it helped 1 billion people lived malaria-free.

b.) An antiseptic containing Hexachlorophene called phisohex was used extensively in hospitals in the past but is now banned. Why? see PUBLIC HEALTH BOX

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c.) What are alkylating agents and why these chemicals can cause cancer? Give an example. ___________________________________________________________________________________

d.) Ethylene oxide is used at a concentration of _________________at __________ (what temperature?) for _____________ (how long/length of time?).  

4. a) Why are bar soaps illegal in many public restrooms?

1.The stratum basale:

a-Is easily shed when you rub your hands together

b-Has a mixture of living and dead cells - mostly dead

c-Contains many blood vessels that nourish the epidermis

d-Contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells

2.Which of the following is not a synovial joint?

a-Ball and socket

b-Hinge

c-Suture

d-Condylar

3.A hinge joint has what kind of movement?

a-Biaxial

b-Uniaxial

c-Multiaxial

d-All are true

4. What does the "mastoid" of sternocleidomastoid tell us?

a-The muscle is used in mastication

b-The muscle attaches to the mastoid process

c-The muscle resembles the mast of a ship

d-The muscle is masstive

5. What is the function of the T tubule?

a-To generate ATP

b-To conduct action potentials toward the sarcoplasmic reticulum

c-To store calcium ions

d-To produce more myofibrils during exercise

1.which muscles would be used to turn head to right?be specific about with side muscles would be used.

2. list and describe the actions of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula either as the origin or the insertion.

3.List the muscles of respiration and describe their roles

4. List the assigned muscles necessary to rotate the torso to the right. identify the paired muscle involved as left or right.

5. discuss the relationship between the three cords of the branchial plexus and their position in relation to the axillary artery.

6.Describe the abdominal muscle involved in sitting up from a supine position.

7. describe the articulation points between the parts of the ribs and their corresponding point on the thoracic vertebrae.

1. A midsagittal plane would separate what two structures?

a-Hemispheres of the brain

b-Cerebrum from Hindbrain

c-Thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

d-Foot from leg

2. The plasma membrane:

a- Is not permeable to any substance

b-Separates the ribosomes from the rest of the cell

c-Has a single layer of phospholipids

d-Regulates movement of materials in and out of the cell

3. Which of the following statements is true regarding connective tissue?

a-All connective tissue is avascular

b-All connective tissue consists of closely packed cells and very little extracellular matrix

c-Connective tissue is designed to support, protect and bind organs/structures

d-Connective tissue is found in the epidermis only

4. Which of the following is a function of skin?

a-It produces vitamin D which is important for calcium absorption.

b-It aids in the transport of large materials throughout the body.

c-The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.

d-It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.

2. Identify the levels of structural organization in the human body, and explain the interrelationships between each level.

3. List the organ systems of the body, and briefly state the functions.

4.Use metric units to quantify the dimensions of cells, tissues, and organs.

5. Define anatomical position.

6. Use anatomical terminology to describe body directions, regions, and planes.

7. Describe the basic structures that humans share with other vertebrates.

8. Locate the major body cavities and their subdivisions.

9. Name the four quadrants of the abdomen, and identify the visceral organs located within each quadrant.

10. Explain how human tissue is prepared and examined for its microscopic structure.

11. Distinguish tissues viewed by light microscopy from those viewed by electron microscopy.

12. Describe the medical imaging techniques that are used to visualize structures inside the bo

1. List the functional and structural characteristics of epithelial tissue. 2. Identify the different epithelia of the body, and describe the chief function(s) of each. 3. Distinguish exocrine from endocrine glands. 4. Explain how multicellular exocrine glands are classified. 5. Describe apical, lateral, and basal surface features of epithelia and epithelial cells. 6. Describe the features that are common to all connective tissues. 7. Identify the four main classes of connective tissue. 8. Differentiate between the different types of connective tissues in reference to the types of cells located within the tissue, and the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix, and the main function of each. 9. Discuss the structure and function of mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes. 10. Briefly describe the three types of muscle tissue. 11. Distinguish the cell types found in nervous tissue. 12. Describe the inflammatory and repair processes by which tissues recover from injury. 13. Briefly describe the changes that occur in tissues with age.

1. Define cell, its basic activities, and its three major regions. 2. Describe the composition and basic functions of the plasma membrane. 3. Explain the different processes used to move across the plasma membrane. 4. Describe the structure and cellular activity of each organelle: ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, centrosome, and centrioles. 5. Explain the structure of glycosomes and lipid droplets. 6. Describe the role of each of the three parts of the nucleus in the control of cellular activities: the nuclear envelope, the nucleolus, and chromatin. 7. List the phases of the cell life cycle, and describe a key event of each phase. 8. Name specific cell types, and relate their overall shape to their specific functions. 9. Compare theories of cell differentiation and aging.

1. Define anatomy and physiology, and describe the subdisciplines of anatomy
2. Identify the levels of structural organization in the human body, and explain the interrelationships between each level.
3. List the organ systems of the body, and briefly state the functions.
4. Use metric units to quantify the dimensions of cells, tissues, and organs.
5. Define anatomical position.
6. Use anatomical terminology to describe body directions, regions, and planes.
7. Describe the basic structures that humans share with other vertebrates.
8. Locate the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
9. Name the four quadrants of the abdomen, and identify the visceral organs located within each quadrant.
10. Explain how human tissue is prepared and examined for its microscopic structure.
11. Distinguish tissues viewed by light microscopy from those viewed by electron
microscopy.
12. Describe the medical imaging techniques that are used to visualize structures inside the bo

At equilibrium potential for potassium:

a) The NA+/K+ pump is pumping out of the cell?

b) Leak channels for potassium are closed?

c) There is no current measured ?

d) There an un-equal amounts of potassium ions moving across the membrane depending on the concentration difference?

e) There is no potassium ions moving across the membrane?