Question

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30. What effect does the action of cortisol have on immune function?

A. increased inflammatory abilities

B. decreased T cell function

C. Both of these

D. None of these

31. What effect do the actions of epinephrine and cortisol have on the GI tract?

A. decreased blood flow to the GI tract

B. increased blood flow to the GI tract

C. increased absorption of vitamins & minerals into the GI tissues

D. decreased absorption of vitamins & minerals into the GI tissues

32. Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adenohypophysis?

1. growth hormone
2. thyroid stimulating hormone
3. gonadotropic hormones
4. oxytocin

33. The pineal gland is essential for:

A. secretion of melanin

B. secretion of melatonin

C. activation of vitamin D

D. secretion of melanocorticoids

34. Which of the following best describes the regulation of PTH release?

1. Increased calcium and/or decreased phosphate in the serum will stimulate PTH release
2. Decreased calcium and/or increased phosphate in the serum will stimulate PTH release
3. Low bone mass will stimulate PTH release
4. Low levels of vitamin D will stimulate PTH release

35. The target/effector organ of ACTH is:

A. adrenal glands

B. adrenal cortex only

C. pancreas

D. anterior pituitary

36. When sodium is low in concentration in the serum, which of the following hormones might be secreted?

A. aldosterone

B. epinephrine

C. cortisol

D. any of the above might be secreted in response to low serum sodium

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Answer 1

Answer 30. Option D (None of these)

Explanation: Cortisol is the hormone which gets released from the adrenal glands in a response to the stress. The hormones do have a very major impact on our immune system as the same lowers the inflammatory responses within our body. They thus are marked with an anti-inflammatory property and their absence triggers the inflammations. Also they are known to increase the activities mediated by the T cells.

Answer 31. Option A (Decreased blood flow to the GI tract)

Explanation: Cortisol is the main hormone which gets released during the conditions of stress and the same decreases the flow of the blood towards the intestines and rather pushes them towards the brain and the heart. The same happens with the case of the release of adrenaline. Adrenaline is also called as a flight or a fight hormone and it introduces stress in our body due to which the blood flow towards the GI tract gets decreased.

Answer 32. Option D (Oxytocin)

Explanation: The pituitary gland is also known as the master endocrine gland and it remains attached to the hypothalamus of the brain by a stalk named infundibulum. The pituitary gland remains divided into two lobes; namely the anterior pituitary lobe; also known as the adenohypophysis and the posterior pituitary lobe; also known as the neurohypophysis.

While the anterior pituitary lobe releases a number of hormones like the Growth hormone, FSH, LH and others; the posterior lobe releases hormones; oxytocin and vasopressin.

Answer 33. Option B (Secretion of melatonin)

Explanation: Pineal gland is also known as the vestigial third eye. The gland is located within the brain itself and releases a hormone; melatonin. The hormone is responsible for maintaining the circardian rhythms; also known as the biological clocks and it regulates the 24 hour day-night cycle.

Answer 34. Option B (Decreased calcium and/or increased phosphate in the serum will stimulate PTH release)

Explanation: PTH; also called as the Parathyroid hormone or the Collip’s hormone gets released from the parathyroid glands in response to the drop in the blood calcium levels.

Answer 35. Option B (Adrenal cortex)

Explanation: ACTH is the adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The hormone gets released from the pituitary gland and it stimulates the cortex region of the adrenal glands to release the hormones class; corticoids; that is glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids.

Whereas, the adrenal medulla is directly under the control of the nervous system as the same is responsible for the release of the catecholeamines (adrenaline, and noradrenaline).

Answer 36. Option A(aldosterone)

Explanation: The hormone aldosterone gets released from the adrenal glands which are located at the top of the kidneys and a drop in the serum sodium levels stimulates the adrenal glands towards the release of the hormone. The hormone leads to an active reabsorption of the sodium ions from the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron.