Describe where insulin in the brain comes from. (include references). (150 words)

Harold is a 62 year old man who was found to be suffering from depression one year after a diagnosis of heart failure. Sertraline was added to his current prescription of irbesartan.

a) Compare the mechanism of action and clinical effects of these two drugs.

b) A move to a healthy lifestyle is recommended for people with heart failure. Discuss how the adverse effects of antidepressant medication may interfere with this. (1 mark)

Infectious Disease DDA

Jim is a 29 year old computer programmer. He presents today c/o feeling badly for 7-10 days. He states that he has had fever of 100-103 degrees, sore throat and body aches all over. He denies cough, shortness of breath, dysuria or frequency.

Jim says that he is healthy, with no chronic health problems. He has never had surgery. He takes no routine meds. He does not smoke. He has no known allergies. He drinks alcohol 3-4 times per week, 3-4 glasses of red wine. He says that he has done some street drugs, smoking and injecting cocaine. Jim states that he has given up the cocaine, has not used any in 4-6 weeks. He admits to recreational use for only a 3 month period earlier this year, with the last episode being 4-6 weeks ago.

Jim is single. He and his girlfriend of 4 years broke up about 6 months ago and he has had unprotected intercourse 3 times since then with different partners.

On his physical, Jim is a well-developed white male in no acute distress. His vital signs are: 99.6-84-18   120/66 72” 180#

His skin, hair and nails are normal. He has some cervical lymphadenopathy and his spleen is one finger breadth below the left costal margin. The remainder of his physical is normal.

What are his medical diagnoses?

What are his differential diagnoses, with rule outs?

What diagnostics are needed?

What prescriptions does he need?

What education does he need?

1. The loss of which of the following would prevent depolarization traveling into the skeletal muscle fiber?

Transverse tubules

Sarcolemma

Sarcomeres

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

Myosin filaments

1. If the concentration of chloride is 10mM outside a neuron and 100mM inside the neuron, at what voltage will there be no net movement of chloride through open chloride channels?

123 mV

-32 mV

61.5 mV

-61.5 mV

1-Name as many connective tissues as possible that are found in or on bones. What are their functions? brief explanation.

2-How would you treat osteoporosis? Why would this treatment work? provide detail. Need brief explanation

3-Why are infants considered "bouncy"?Why would a baby be less likely to break a bone than a female octogenarian? Need brief explanation

Special Senses Review

Provide a brief explanation about: how do the senses of smell and taste function? Please start with the detection of stimuli by receptors and include the location and structure of receptors, and describe how they react to stimuli. Address how the signal is passed from receptors into the CNS....include pathway and the eventual location of cortex that is able to interpret the sensation, leading to perception. Please include a comparison between these two special senses. How are gustation and olfaction similar, and how are they different?

What are these conditions below? please provide brief description of the conditions. What anatomical feature or physiological process is affected that leads to perceivable signs or symptoms?

Olfaction: Deviated septum causing obstruction of flow of air

Gustation: Burning mouth syndrome

what does an abnormal creatinine and urea?

1.   In the proximal tubule under normal conditions, 50% of glucose is reabsorbed back into the peritubular capillaries.
a.   true
b.   false

2.   The transport maximum (Tmax) is the upper limit of reabsorption of glucose and amino acids due to the saturation of carrier systems that return these substances back to the blood.
a.   true
b.   false

3.   Which of the following is an effect of aldosterone? MIGHT BE C***
a.   excretion of sodium ions
b.   conservation of potassium ions
c.   conservation of sodium ions
d.   all are correct

4.   Some hydrogen ions secreted into the collecting duct are buffered. These buffers are
a.   bicarbonate buffers
b.   ammonia (NH3)
c.   phosphate buffers
d.   all of the above

5.   The glomerular filtration rate average in an adult male is 125 ml/min. (Might be F)
a.   true
b.   false

1.) water soluble and fat soluble. What are the differences especially in regards to needs and safety and recommended intake?

2.) information on whether hydration status plays a role in bone health.

1.

a. Name the three bones that make up the coxal, or hip bone.
b. Name the structure that connects the two pubic bones anteriorly

c. Name two ways in which a female pelvis is different than a male:

d. Name the area of the coxal bone which articulates with the head of the femur:

e. Name the bones that articulate at the knee

.Name and describe the structure separating vertebral bodies in the spine. Name three features of the ethmoid bone Describe primary vs secondary curvatures of the spine

1.

a.Which type of vertebral bone has two transverse foramen?

b.Name the vertebral space the spinal cord travels through.

c.Which part of the vertebrae do the ribs articulate with?

d. Which material connects 10 of the ribs to the sternum?

e. What is the difference between true, false, and floating ribs? Give their numbers