Special Senses Review

Provide a brief explanation about: how do the senses of smell and taste function? Please start with the detection of stimuli by receptors and include the location and structure of receptors, and describe how they react to stimuli. Address how the signal is passed from receptors into the CNS....include pathway and the eventual location of cortex that is able to interpret the sensation, leading to perception. Please include a comparison between these two special senses. How are gustation and olfaction similar, and how are they different?

What are these conditions below? please provide brief description of the conditions. What anatomical feature or physiological process is affected that leads to perceivable signs or symptoms?

Olfaction: Deviated septum causing obstruction of flow of air

Gustation: Burning mouth syndrome

what does an abnormal creatinine and urea?

1.   In the proximal tubule under normal conditions, 50% of glucose is reabsorbed back into the peritubular capillaries.
a.   true
b.   false

2.   The transport maximum (Tmax) is the upper limit of reabsorption of glucose and amino acids due to the saturation of carrier systems that return these substances back to the blood.
a.   true
b.   false

3.   Which of the following is an effect of aldosterone? MIGHT BE C***
a.   excretion of sodium ions
b.   conservation of potassium ions
c.   conservation of sodium ions
d.   all are correct

4.   Some hydrogen ions secreted into the collecting duct are buffered. These buffers are
a.   bicarbonate buffers
b.   ammonia (NH3)
c.   phosphate buffers
d.   all of the above

5.   The glomerular filtration rate average in an adult male is 125 ml/min. (Might be F)
a.   true
b.   false

1.) water soluble and fat soluble. What are the differences especially in regards to needs and safety and recommended intake?

2.) information on whether hydration status plays a role in bone health.

1.

a. Name the three bones that make up the coxal, or hip bone.
b. Name the structure that connects the two pubic bones anteriorly

c. Name two ways in which a female pelvis is different than a male:

d. Name the area of the coxal bone which articulates with the head of the femur:

e. Name the bones that articulate at the knee

.Name and describe the structure separating vertebral bodies in the spine. Name three features of the ethmoid bone Describe primary vs secondary curvatures of the spine

1.

a.Which type of vertebral bone has two transverse foramen?

b.Name the vertebral space the spinal cord travels through.

c.Which part of the vertebrae do the ribs articulate with?

d. Which material connects 10 of the ribs to the sternum?

e. What is the difference between true, false, and floating ribs? Give their numbers

Explain the initiation and regulation of labor contraction including all organs and hormones (and hormone-like molecules) that participate in the process. Describe the positive feedback mechanism of labor contractions. Why do you think the slow intravenous injection of synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin®) can be used to induce parturition (childbirth)? After childbirth, pituitary-derived oxytocin also triggers milk ejection. What is the initial stimulus for the secretion of oxytocin? What is the target cell type of oxytocin in the mammary gland? For parturition, which layer of the uterus does this hormone act on?

1. What are some ways your body regulates the increase of body temperature that also occurs when exercising? Do you think your internal body temperature responded in the same way as your external skin body temperature? Explain.

discuss lungs volumes and capacities

1. The total volume of air in Jeffrey’s lungs is 5800 mL. If his inspiratory capacity is 3200 and his residual volume is 1000, what is his ERV and FRC?

2. TLC = 4200, VC = 3200, IC = 2000, What is the FRC and RV?

3. VC = 3200, IC = 2200, ERV= 1000, RV = 1000, what is TLC?

The total volume of air Sally can inhale is 3400 mL after a quiet exhalation. When Sally is sitting still she breaths 400 mL and there’s 2200 mL of air leftover in her lungs. Calculate or figure out the following values: TV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV

5. When at rest, Jeremy inspires and expires 600 mL. While his lungs can fit 7000mL of air, only 5500 can move in and out, if he really really tries. Normally, there’s 3400 mL of air left in his lungs after a quiet exhalation. Calculate or figure out ERV, TV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV, RV

(1) When engaged in involuntary breathing, which of the following volumes enter and/or exit the lungs? ERV, IRV, TV, VC. Which ones are always voluntary?

12. The calcium channels are found in the axon terminal end of the neuron (True/False): _________

13. During depolarization ___________ channels open and _______ ion rushes into the cell.

14. During repolarization _____________ channels open and ________ rushes out of the cell.

15. The resting membrane potential is restored by _________________.

A. Na channel B. Calcium channel C. Potassium channel D. Na/K voltage gated channel

16. Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

    a. long distance signaling b. intensity of stimulation c. voltage stimulus to initiate d. voltage regulated repolarization

17. When threshold is reached, this results in __________ potential which is the basis for nerve impulse.

18. Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

    a. the myelin sheath b. large nerve fibers c. diphasic impulses d. erratic transmission of nerve impulses

19. The synaptic vesicles release the neurotransmitter Ach into the synaptic cleft via

    a. Endocytosis b. Exocytosis c. Transcytosis d. Phagocytosis

4. The movement of sodium and potassium ions via sodium channel and potassium channel proteins is

A. Active Process B. Passive process C. Both D. None of the above

5. The Na/K voltage gated channel protein uses __________ to move sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane.

6. The ion, which conduct electricity, is:

a. A charged atom b. a charged molecule c. Both A and B are correct d. none of these are correct

7. In a resting membrane potential, the inside of a cell is ____________, and the cell exterior is _____________.

8. The resting membrane potential, if measured by a voltmeter is ________mV.

9. The area of the neuron that receives the stimulus is ______________.

10. The area of the neuron that transmits the impulse is __________.

11. The dendrite and cell body of the neuron contains the following protein

A. Neurotransmitter receptor B. sodium channel C. Na/K pump D.. all of the above

1. How is the contraction of a skeletal muscle cell different than the contraction of a smooth muscle cell? How does this aid in each muscle cell's function? 2. What is the purpose of myoglobin in slow-twitch muscle fibers? Why is there more myoglobin in slow-twitch muscle fibers than in fast-twitch fibers? 3. What is the purpose of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells and some smooth muscle cells?

discuss the gas exchange mechanism in the body