Female Reproductive System Physiology

1. Create a chart that depicts all the regulatory events during the female reproductive cycle. Include the hormonal events of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary and the ovary.  In addition, add sections for follicular development and uterine proliferation.  Be sure to label all sections, structures, hormones and phases.

Case Study

Case History

Abioye Akachi, a 5 y.o. boy, recently arrived in Australia from East Africa. Brought to the Emergency Dept. by his worried parents, who state that he has frequent infections, a poor appetite, appears to be in pain, is pale and lethargic.

On examination the clinician finds an irritable child with jaundice, splenomegaly and failure to thrive. The clinician requests an FBE, ESR, CRP, Haptoglobin, Blood film, Malaria screen, Renal and Liver function tests and to crossmatch one unit of blood.

FBE Results

Blood film & other results

1. Define ‘signs’ & ‘symptoms’. Discuss the clinical findings of the case and correlate to any physiological or pathophysiological processes.
2. Discuss the laboratory results in detail and discuss and correlate to any physiological or pathophysiological processes.
3. State your Provisional Diagnosis.
4. State your Differential Diagnosis/es.
5. Discuss your chosen Provisional Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis/es with justifications for your selections?
6. List all the Further Tests and Results for the PD and DDs? Tabulate your result.
7. Describe the aetiology & pathophysiology for the chosen PD.

Rebreathing from a closed bag results in arterial hypercapnia (raised partial pressure of carbon dioxide), which stimulates respiration. Briefly explain this neural mechanism.

Explain the origin, insertion, and action of the following 10 muscles: Sternocleidomastoid, Occipitofrontalis, Zygomaticus major and minor, Masseter, Lateral rectus, Diaphragm, Pectoralis major, Biceps brachii, Rectus femoris, and Gastrocnemius

1. Which of the following is only found in the afferent division?

a. ANS

b. parasympathetic

c. effectors

d. SNS

e. Receptors

2. Where on a neuron does it receive most of its incoming information?

a. telodendria

b. synaptic terminals

c. axon

d. initial segment

e. Dendrites

3. Which of the following is NOT paired correctly?

a. unipolar neurons : rare, only in brain

b. bipolar neurons : sight information

c. multipolar neurons : most abundant in CNS

d. anaxonic neurons : found in brain

e. multipolar neurons : carries motor information

4. The function(s) of myelination is for

a. electrical insulation

b. protection from damage

c. speeding up action potentials

d. differentiating between sensory and motor

e. both A and C

5. Which of the following is FALSE regarding resting transmembrane potentials?

a. the plasma membrane is not equally permeable to all ions.

b. membrane potential is more negative on the inside of the cell.

c. higher concentration of sodium outside the cell.

d. potassium gets actively pumped out of the cell.

e. electrical and chemical gradients are actively maintained.

If an individual has end stage liver disease, characterized by death of hepatocytes and their subsequent replacement by connective tissue, what functional prediction would you make about that individual’s digestive capability? Be specific about the macromolecule digestion that would be affected and be sure to include your rationale explaining why that deficit would exist in this scenario.

Adrenal glands- what is the overall gland structure? Can you name all the different regions and zones and what hormones they secrete? What are the functions of all these hormones?

Describe where insulin in the brain comes from. (include references). (150 words)

Harold is a 62 year old man who was found to be suffering from depression one year after a diagnosis of heart failure. Sertraline was added to his current prescription of irbesartan.

a) Compare the mechanism of action and clinical effects of these two drugs.

b) A move to a healthy lifestyle is recommended for people with heart failure. Discuss how the adverse effects of antidepressant medication may interfere with this. (1 mark)

Infectious Disease DDA

Jim is a 29 year old computer programmer. He presents today c/o feeling badly for 7-10 days. He states that he has had fever of 100-103 degrees, sore throat and body aches all over. He denies cough, shortness of breath, dysuria or frequency.

Jim says that he is healthy, with no chronic health problems. He has never had surgery. He takes no routine meds. He does not smoke. He has no known allergies. He drinks alcohol 3-4 times per week, 3-4 glasses of red wine. He says that he has done some street drugs, smoking and injecting cocaine. Jim states that he has given up the cocaine, has not used any in 4-6 weeks. He admits to recreational use for only a 3 month period earlier this year, with the last episode being 4-6 weeks ago.

Jim is single. He and his girlfriend of 4 years broke up about 6 months ago and he has had unprotected intercourse 3 times since then with different partners.

On his physical, Jim is a well-developed white male in no acute distress. His vital signs are: 99.6-84-18   120/66 72” 180#

His skin, hair and nails are normal. He has some cervical lymphadenopathy and his spleen is one finger breadth below the left costal margin. The remainder of his physical is normal.

What are his medical diagnoses?

What are his differential diagnoses, with rule outs?

What diagnostics are needed?

What prescriptions does he need?

What education does he need?

1. The loss of which of the following would prevent depolarization traveling into the skeletal muscle fiber?

Transverse tubules

Sarcolemma

Sarcomeres

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

Myosin filaments

1. If the concentration of chloride is 10mM outside a neuron and 100mM inside the neuron, at what voltage will there be no net movement of chloride through open chloride channels?

123 mV

-32 mV

61.5 mV

-61.5 mV

1-Name as many connective tissues as possible that are found in or on bones. What are their functions? brief explanation.

2-How would you treat osteoporosis? Why would this treatment work? provide detail. Need brief explanation

3-Why are infants considered "bouncy"?Why would a baby be less likely to break a bone than a female octogenarian? Need brief explanation