If a muscle fiber is stimulated repeatedly, but not allowed to completely relax between contractions, it will exhibit stronger tension as the stimulation becomes more frequent. This is an example of

A. treppe

B. asynchronous motor unit recruitment

C. multiple wave summation

D. tetany

At rest, a skeletal muscle fiber has a sarcolemma that is

A. depolarized

B. polarized with a positive charge on the outside and negative charge on the inside

C. polarized with a negative charge outside and positive charge inside

D. permeable to ions

You now are given a normal sample of muscle tissue which contains many individual cells. The tissue is minced and digested with enzymes to liberate individual muscle cells. You are given a solution of Dextrose in half-normal saline (NaCl) which you are told is isosmotic but you are not told the concentration of Dextrose or NaCl but they are both present in the solution. In this case Dextrose is permeable to the cell. You place the isolated muscle cells in this solution. Assume all of the solutes inside the cell are not permeable to the cell membrane. What happens to the cells when you place them in this solution and it has reached equilibrium? (5 Points) a. The cells remain the same size b. The cells have increased in size; they swell c. The cells have decreased in size; they shrink d. There is not enough information given in the problem to determine what happens

Laboratory Test: The patient was then subjected to a 2-hour water deprivation test followed by another blood chemistry profile and urinalysis. Of note, serum osmolality increased to 329mOsm/kg while serum ADH, urine specific gravity and urine osmolality remained unchanged.

Questions to Consider:

1. Why did the patient’s serum osmolality increase?

Follow-up and Diagnosis: The patient was then injected with a drug called DDAVP (desmopressin) which mimics the actions of ADH. One hour after the injection, serum osmolality decreased to 292mOsm/kg and urine osmolality increased to 480mOsm/kg. Based on the patient’s medical history, the results from lab tests and the, you make the differential diagnosis of idiopathic central diabetes insipidus.

Questions to Consider:

.

2. Why do you suspect serum osmolality decreased? Why do you suspect urine osmolality increased? Based on these results, what is happening to water?

3. What do these results suggest is the underlying cause of diabetes insipidus?

4. How does the diuresis experienced in diabetes insipidus differ mechanistically from that experienced by a patient with diabetes mellitus?

1. The following statement is similar to those you might see on exams. Write a paragraph of 3-5 sentences describing 1) whether the statement is correct or incorrect and 2) the reasoning for your answer. Your answer should demonstrate your understanding of the physiological concepts underlying the statement and be written professionally.

Cortisol elicits a change in gene expression in every cell that it enters.

PLEASE USE PHYSIOLOGICAL REASONING

2) The primary benefits of anaerobic training come from increased strength and improved enzyme function. Conversely, aerobic training induces significant changes to the cardiovascular system including increase in heart size (cardiac hypertrophy) and function. Explain how this adaptation in heart structure changes resting and submaximal stroke volume and heart rate, and how those changes relate to VO2.

5- Please explain where is produced the fecundation. Which hormones are produced in the placenta?

3- Please EXPLAIN the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone axis.

4- What are the functions of FSH and LH in female and males?

1- If a patient has low T3 and T4, and low TSH where is the disease, and what are the consequences?

”2. What is the function of the liver in digestion? ”

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”3. What role does the gall bladder play in digestion? ”

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”4. Why is the orientation of muscle of the stomach wall important? How does this contribute to its function? ”

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”5. Why does amylase from saliva stop working in the stomach? What other organ produces amylase? ”

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