Question

a)_Discuss the anatomy urinary system and include one usual abnormal finding

Answer 1

Anatomy of urinary system:

• Kidneys are the primary organs of urinary system that also include ureters bladder and urethra.
• Kidneys are bean shaped, paired retroperitoneal organs located between last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae which form urine from the blood.
• Right kidney is slightly lower in position due to presence of liver on right side.
• Each kidney is 11 cm in length and 6 cm in width and the weight is about 150 grams in males, 135 grams in females.
• Kidney is covered by renal capsule and the medial border is concave called renal hilus through which ureter comes out of the kidney that is responsible for transport of urine from kidney to bladder.
• Kidneys remove waste products of metabolism and excess of water and starts from the blood and maintain its pH.
• Kidney occupies epigastric, hypochondriac, lumber and umbilical regions.
• Long axis of kidney is directed downwards and literally so that the upper poles are nearer to the median plane than the lower was where as the transverse axis is directed laterally and backwards.
• ​​​​​​The upper poles of kidney are in close contact with suprarenal or adrenal glands.
• The structures seen at the hilum of kidney from anterior to posterior side or renal vein, renal artery and renal pelvis, the extended upper part of ureter.
• ​​​​​​​A layer of adipose tissue lies outside the fibrous capsule and fills up the extra space in renal sinus.
• Perirenal fascia is divided into an anterior fascial layer of gerota and a posterior fascial layer of zuckerkandal.
• The fat that lies outside the renal fascia is pararenal or parametric fat which is abundant posteriorly and forms a cushion for kidney.
• Kidney is divided into outer cortex and inner medulla which is composed of renal pyramids.
• The structural and functional unit of a kidney is nephron which is divided renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
• Renal capsule consists of tuft of capillaries called glomerulus and bowman's capsule where as renal tubule consists of proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule.
• ​​​​​​​The collecting part of the uriniferous tubule includes collecting ducts, ducts of bellini or papillary which open onto renal papilla.
• ​​​​​​​Renal papilla opens into minor calyces. 2 to 3 minor calyces combined to form a major calyx which intern opens into renal pelvis.
• ​​​​​​​Ureters are a pair of narrow thick walled muscular tubes lie deep to peritoneum closely to posterior abdominal wall which is about 25 cm in length and three millimetres in diameter.
• Urinary bladder is the temporary store house of urine which gets empty through the urethra.
• The detrusor muscle of urinary bladder is arranged in whorls and spirals which is adapted for mass contraction.
• The external urethral sphincter is placed proximally in the wall of urethra.
• Male urethra has a function of ejaculation i.e., expulsion of semen in addition to urination and it is 18-20 cm long which opens on the external meatal opening at the end of penis.
• Female urethra is for urination and is 4 cm long which opens to outside as external urethral orifice anterior to opening of vagina.
• The one ususal abnormal finding of urinary system is polycystic kidney which is congenital and may lead to hypertension and renal edema of with increased blood urea.