Describe the hormonal changes that occur during the Ovarian and Endometrial Cycle

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

Your first job was to schedule a VO₂max test for Vinnie to examine his aerobic fitness. After repeating the assessment several weeks later after an intensive training block, you notice that VO₂max has dropped, but there has been an increase in VT₂. Please discuss why VO₂max decreased and what impact both changes will have on performance?

(Subject - EXERCISE physiology)

Fat cells are called? and what is different about them in terms of mitosis/number of cells in your body?

1.The leukocyte that releases histamine, heparin & other inflammatory chemicals is the _____.

neutrophil

eosinophil

lymphocyte

mast cell

2.Neutrophils, which function to fight bacterial infections, have nuclei with many segments.

True

False

3.Which of the following transport lipids through the blood?

albumin

fibrinogen

gamma globulins

alpha and beta globulins

4.The most numerous white blood cell is the _____.

thrombocyte

monocyte

eosinophil

lymphocyte

leukocyte

neutrophil

5.The respiratory membrane _______.

is also called the pleurae

is found in the nasal cavities

is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

is formed by the wall of an alveolus, sandwiched basement membranes, and the wall of a pulmonary capillary

6.Secondary bronchi branch directly off primary bronchi, and enter lobes in the lungs.

True

False

7.Which of the following cells wanders through alveoli removing pathogens and particles, like dust?

Type II (septal) cells

alveolar squamous cells

platelets

alveolar macrophages

8.Which of the following is NOT located in the nasopharynx?

columnar epithelium

palatine tonsils

opening for auditory tube

pharyngeal tonsil

9.Neutrophils, which function to fight bacterial infections, have nuclei with many segments.

True

False

10.Which of the following transport lipids through the blood?

albumin

fibrinogen

gamma globulins

alpha and beta globulins

Synapse function prompt:

You are talking with your 10 year old nephew who is very excited to tell you that he learned in science class that the nervous system is like a series of electrical wires that run throughout the body. With your newfound experience in physiology you know that’s not quite true, and that there are gaps (synapses) between neurons, meaning information in the nervous system is not just transmitted via action potential. Describe to your nephew how information is passed from the pre-synaptic to post-synaptic neuron in order to allow information flow throughout the nervous system.

5.Which are unpaired arteries?
a: Superior phrenic

b: Renal

c: Celiac trunk

d: Superior mesenteric

e: Inferior mesenteric

f: Inferior phrenic

g: Vertebral

Group of answer choices

b, c, d

d, e, g

a, b, f

b, c, d, g

c, d, e

6.Which of the following vessels carries deoxygenated blood TO the liver?

Group of answer choices

hepatic portal vein

common hepatic artery

hepatic veins

renal arteries

7.A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

Group of answer choices

distributing arteries

thoroughfare channels

vasa vasorum

companion vessels

fenestrated capillaries

8.As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins ____.

Group of answer choices

get larger

get smaller

No answer text provided.

show no change in their lumen size

9.Blood directly enters the superior vena cava from the _____.

Group of answer choices

common iliac veins

brachiocephalic veins

inferior vena cava

axillary veins

10.Blood pressure is lowest in ____.

Group of answer choices

veins

arteries

venules

capillaries

arterioles

11.Which heart chambers pump deoxygenated blood?

Group of answer choices

Right atrium and right ventricle

Right atrium and left ventricle

Left atrium and left ventricle

Left atrium and right atrium

Left ventricle and right ventricle

12.The coronary sinus drains directly into the right atrium.

Group of answer choices

True

False

13.Which action causes the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

Group of answer choices

ontraction of the right atrium

Contraction of the right ventricle

Contraction of the left atrium

None of these answers is correct

Contraction of the left ventricle

Explain the operation of the carotid sinus reflex and the aortic reflex.

QUESTION 1

1. Why is vitamin D necessary?

   	A.	Vitami D protects the skin from pathogen
   	B.	VItamin D protect the skin pathogen
   	C.	Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small  intestine
   	D.	Vitamin D is critical for thermoregulation

QUESTION 2

1. What type of junction allows electrical signals to rapidely spread from cell to cell

   		A, desmosome
   		B, hemidesmosome
   		C. gap junction
   		D. tight junction

QUESTION 3

1. Ligament and tendons are primarily composed  of :

   		B. Dense regular connective tissue.
   		C. Cartilage
   		D Adipose tissue

QUESTION 4

1. _____________gland plays a major role in maintaining body temperature:

   		A. Sebaceous
   		B, eccrine
   		C. Apocrine
   		D. Ceruminous

QUESTION 5

1. simple columnar epithelial epithelial cells lining the internal passageways of the digestive tract usually have _________________ at their free surface

   		A. . mitochondria
   		B. Cilia
   		c. Microvilli
   		D. Golgi complex

QUESTION 6

1. All the following are part of the integumentary system except :

   		A. Epidermis
   		B. Dermis
   		C. hair and nails
   		D. hypodermis

QUESTION 7

1. The combination of fibers and ground substance in the supporting connective tissue is known as

   		A. groundsubstance
   		B. matrix
   		C. cytosol
   		D. plasma

QUESTION 8

1. What component of ground substance adheres cells to their places within the extracellular matrix( ECM).

   		A. Hyluronic acid
   		B. glycoprotein
   		C. Glycosaminoglycan ( GAGs)
   		d. Proteoglycan

QUESTION 9

1. 9. The deepest stratum___________of the epidermis is highly mitotic and responsible for cell replacement

   		A. corneum
   		B. Lucidum
   		C. granulosum
   		Germinativum

QUESTION 10

1. Which organ system is lined by transitional epithelium to accomodate streaching muscle ?

   		A. Muscle tissue
   		B. Small intestine
   		C. Alveoli
   		D. Urinary bladder

protien metabolism

Endocrine Case Study

A 54-year old man finally goes to the doctor at the urging of his wife. His face, neck and shoulders have become puffy while his limbs are thinning. He believes he is in good shape because all his friends are gaining weight while he’s just shifting his around. He claims to eat a relatively healthy diet and has no allergies or other health problems. He’s not sure why his arms and legs seem to be getting thinner, even though he still does a lot of yard work around the house, but he hasn’t felt as strong lately (“but hey, I’m 54”). On observation, he has a pulse of 65 bpm and a blood pressure of 150/95. The only other “different” things he’s noticed is that he seems to be bruising more easily than usual.
The patient takes no medications other than an occasional dose of ibuprofen. The patient went to the hospital for a blood draw and test the next morning. The results are:
Plasma ACTH = 120 pg/mL Plasma cortisol = 35 mcg/dL Serum TSH = 3.3 mcU/mL Serum aldosterone = 18 ng/dL Serum insulin = 35 mcU/mL Serum T4 = 1.4 ng/dL Plasma glucose = 185 ng/dL Hemoglobin A1c = 5.5%

Diagnosis:

What is the evidence of Diagnosis:

In your own words

Describe the events that take place during an action potential. Begin at the point where an EPSP reaches threshold in the trigger zone. Include all ion channels (8), ion movements (8) and potential changes (8) that take place during the various phases of the action potential.

Describe the events that take place during an action potential. Begin at the point where an EPSP reaches threshold in the trigger zone. Include all ion channels (8), ion movements (8) and potential changes (8) that take place during the various phases of the action potential.

Phenytoin (sodium channel blocker) and ethosuximide (calcium channel blocker) are anti-seizure drugs that stop seizures from happening. These drugs work by inhibiting electrical impulses (action potentials) from occurring. Explain the importance of sodium and calcium channels on a neuron and and the reasons why action potentials do not occur when these channels are inhibited. Be sure to include the phases of an action potential, the channels involved, and the importance of an action potential.