The condition pulmonary fibrosis is caused by the replacement of elastic fibers in the lung with inelastic collagen
fibers, which decreases the lungs' distensibility (the ability to stretch outward). Would pulmonary fibrosis make
inspiration or expiration difficult? Explain.

1.     Why is it important to know a person's blood type before giving him or her a transfusion?

2.     What are antigens and antibodies? How are they involved in the body's response to incompatible blood?

3.     Describe the immune response that occurs when an individual receives a transfusion of incompatible blood.

4.     People with blood type O are considered to be universal donors. That is, they can donate blood to all other blood types. Using your knowledge of blood types and the immune system, explain why this is true.

5.     People with type AB blood are considered to be universal recipients. That is, they can receive blood from all other blood types. Explain why this is true using your knowledge of blood types and the immune system.

Understand the origin, insertion, and action of the following muscles: Lateral rectus, Diaphragm, and Pectoralis major.

Large agranular phagocytes are called:

a. Neutrophils

b. Basophils

c. Eosinophils

d. Monocytes

e. T-Lymphocytes

f. B-Lymphocytes

The Kidneys function as endocrine glands by secreting:

a. Cortisol + Renin

b. Epinephrine + Cortisol

c. Aldosterone + Epinephrine

d. Erythropoietin + Renin

e. Renin + ADH

1. What is the difference between a cortical and juxtamedullary nephron?
2. What are the three layers of the wall of the urinary bladder?
3. What muscular tube, lined by a transitional epithelium, connects the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?
4. Why is the position of the kidney described as retroperitoneal?

An action potential is
a. a reversal of the Na+ and K+ concentrations inside and outside the neuron.
b. the same size and shape at the beginning and the end of the axon.
c. initiated by inhibitory post synaptic graded potentials.
d. transmitted to the distal end of a neuron and cause release of neurotransmitter.
e. Both b and d are correct

2. Axonal transport refers to:
a. the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft.
b. the use of microtubules to send secretions from the cell body to the axon terminal.
c. the transport of vesicles containing proteins down the length of the axon.
d. the movement of the axon terminal to synapse with a new postsynaptic cell.
e. Both b and c are correct

3. Which of the following neuron(s) is known to be a motor neuron?
a. Pseudounipolar.
b. Bipolar.
c. Anaxonic.
d. Muiltipolar.
e. Both a and b are correct/ Beide a en b is korrek.

4. 4. Which one of the following glial cells is responsible for the blood brain barrier?
a. Oligodendrocytes.
b. Astrocytes.
c. Microglia.
d. Ependymal cells.
e. Satellite cells.

5. Which one of the following glial cells is responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?
a. Oligodendrocytes.
b. Astrocytes.
c. Microglia.
d. Ependymal cells.
e. Satellite cells.

6. Calculate the equilibrium membrane potential for Na+ for an extracellular fluid concentration of 138 mM and an
intracellular fluid concentration of 16 mM.
a. -90 mV.
b. -84 mV.
c. -72 mV.
d. –63 mV.
e. +57 mV.

7. Which of the following will open mechanically gated ion channels?
a. Acetylcholine release
b. Pressure
c. Change in membrane potential
d. Pain
e. Temperature

8. Which ion channel(s) is / are open during the repolarisation phase of the action potential recorded in a neuron.
a. Na+
b. K+
c. Cl-
d. Ca++
e. Both a and b will open

9. Rank the following neurons for their speed of conduction from fastest to slowest:
a. Myelinated 20 µm diameter axon
b. Unmeylinated 20 µm diameter axon
c. Unmeylinated 200 µm diameter axon
a. a, b, c
b. a, c, b
c. c, b, a
d. b, c, a
e. c, a, b

10. If you place an electrode in the middle of an axon and artificially depolarise the cell above threshold, in which
direction will an action potential travel?

a. To the axon terminal
b. To the cell body
c. Both a and b are correct
d. In neither direction

1. Sympathetic chain assignment:

• Where in the brain is the origin (center) for autonomic nervous system?
• What spinal levels do you find the preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
• What are the roots for greater splanchnic nerve?
• What are the 3 major pre-vertebral ganglia?
• What are the roots for the lesser splanchnic nerve?
• What are the roots for the least splanchnic nerve?

2. Abdominal aorta assignment:

• Which are the 3 major unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
• What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?
• Which 3 organs are supplied by the celiac trunk?
• Name 3 branches of the superior mesenteric artery
• Name 3 branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

3. Portocaval anastomosis assignment:

• What is the benefit of portocaval anastomosis in pathological states such as liver cirrhosis?

Answer: 2 sentences

• What are the problems of the portal blood returning to the caval/systemic circulation in liver cirrhosis?

Answer: 2 sentences

• What are the 2 vessels on the esophagus that are communicating in the portocaval anastomosis?
• What is Caput Medusae?

Answer: 1 sentence

• Why esophageal varices develop? What is their danger?

Answer: 2 sentences

Describe briefly the following techniques in: a. phytoextraction. b. Rhizo filtration c. Phytostabilization d. Phyto-volatization e. Phyto-transformation

A) In the experiment, you have measured hormones Gastrin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), Secretin, and Motilin over a 2 hour period following consumption of both meals. Describe any changes (i.e. increase, decrease or no change in hormone levels) following consumption of the two different meals (High Fat and High Protein).

B) For the hormone(s) that were identified as increasing in response to the meal, explain:

• The mechanism(s) behind their secretion (i.e. what is the stimuli for their secretion) (2.5 marks)
• What is their role when secreted? (2.5 marks)

After the experiment, the researchers discovered that one participant in the high fat group was currently taking two prescribed drugs: orlistat (lipase inhibitor) and colestipo (bile acid sequestrant) and one participant in the high protein group was currently taking a prescribed proton pump inhibitor (reduce stomach acid production).

Question 2. Identify which hormone(s) listed above are impacted by the prescribed drug/medication for each respective meal and explain the impact (i.e. does the prescribed drug/medication affect the release and/or action of the hormone?)

- Orlistat and colestipo and a high fat meal

- Proton pump inhibitor and a high protein meal

Explain what would happen to the function of the kidney if the Loop of Henle began to shrink? Specifically, describe (with justification) what would happen to reabsorption capabilities of the kidney? (4 marks) Describe what would happen to the countercurrent mechanism and the ability to concentrate urine (with justification)?