Topic: Diabetes

Definition/Description:

Causes:

Risk Factors:

Symptoms:

Complications:

Prevention:

Treatment:

Please answer the following multiple choice questions -- explain too please

1. Blood flow in the coronary circulation

a. increases during systole

b. increases during diastole

2. Oncotic pressure normally helps to draw fluid into

a. arterial ends of capillaries

b. interstitial fund

c. venous ends of capillaries

3. If a blood vessel is vasocontricted

a. the region in front of the constriction will have increased blood pressure and the region after the constriction will have reduced blood pressure

b. the region in front of the constriction will have reduced blood pressure and the region after the constriction will have increased blood pressure

1. To which class do collagen fibers belong? ___________________________

2. What is the monomer for this class of organic molecules? _____________________

3. With what type of reaction breaks down a polymer of this class into monomers? _______________________________

4.Osteoclasts are able to produce the components of a substance that lowers the pH of the surrounding matrix and breaks down hydroxyapatite.

A. proteoglycan

B. sodium chloride

C. alkaline mucus

D. hydrochloric acid

5. list two substances that osteoblast cells should be able to produce:   ______________________________ and ____________________________.

6.Osteoclasts produce an enzyme that break down collagen fibers, what is the name?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

As the event is soon approaching, parts of Hungary are experiencing a heatwave. Indeed, temperatures may exceed 32° Celsius during the first leg of the race leaving Budapest.

A. Will the ambient temperature have any impact on Vinnie’s performance?

B. In terms of thermoregulation, what physiological changes are likely to occur during this leg of the race? Explain how these changes may influence performance.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION

Given that the average distance of each leg is 170.5 km in distance, and sometimes undulating in elevation, you understand that fatigue is inevitable. The energy depletion model of fatigue focuses around the concept that depleted substrates are just one source of fatigue, particularly observed in muscle glycogen and phosphocreatine stores.

A. As an aerobic event, why do you expect depletion in glycogen and phosphocreatine?

B. Why, specifically, is it crucial to replenish muscle glycogen stores prior to the next leg?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

During a casual chat with a sport scientist from another team, they suggest preparing “finish bottles” for the longer legs of the race. Along with a dose of painkillers, a “finish bottle” typically contains an ergogenic dose of caffeine (i.e., approximately 3 to 5 mg·kg^-1 of bodyweight).

A. As a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, what acute physiological changes will likely occur following caffeine ingestion at these doses?

B. Additionally, caffeine has a mild effect at mobilising free fatty acids. Please describe what is meant by mobilisation, and how this may influence performance.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

You recommend that Vinnie performs altitude training as part of his preparation for the race, a training approach that is novel to him.

1. What physiological changes would you expect in the short (i.e., acute), and long-term (i.e., chronic)?
2. How will the physiological changes influence performance in the short (i.e., acute), and long-term (i.e., chronic)?
3. What parameters would you specify to achieve these benefits, and why?

Describe the hormonal changes that occur during the Ovarian and Endometrial Cycle

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

Your first job was to schedule a VO₂max test for Vinnie to examine his aerobic fitness. After repeating the assessment several weeks later after an intensive training block, you notice that VO₂max has dropped, but there has been an increase in VT₂. Please discuss why VO₂max decreased and what impact both changes will have on performance?

(Subject - EXERCISE physiology)

Fat cells are called? and what is different about them in terms of mitosis/number of cells in your body?

1.The leukocyte that releases histamine, heparin & other inflammatory chemicals is the _____.

neutrophil

eosinophil

lymphocyte

mast cell

2.Neutrophils, which function to fight bacterial infections, have nuclei with many segments.

True

False

3.Which of the following transport lipids through the blood?

albumin

fibrinogen

gamma globulins

alpha and beta globulins

4.The most numerous white blood cell is the _____.

thrombocyte

monocyte

eosinophil

lymphocyte

leukocyte

neutrophil

5.The respiratory membrane _______.

is also called the pleurae

is found in the nasal cavities

is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

is formed by the wall of an alveolus, sandwiched basement membranes, and the wall of a pulmonary capillary

6.Secondary bronchi branch directly off primary bronchi, and enter lobes in the lungs.

True

False

7.Which of the following cells wanders through alveoli removing pathogens and particles, like dust?

Type II (septal) cells

alveolar squamous cells

platelets

alveolar macrophages

8.Which of the following is NOT located in the nasopharynx?

columnar epithelium

palatine tonsils

opening for auditory tube

pharyngeal tonsil

9.Neutrophils, which function to fight bacterial infections, have nuclei with many segments.

True

False

10.Which of the following transport lipids through the blood?

albumin

fibrinogen

gamma globulins

alpha and beta globulins

Synapse function prompt:

You are talking with your 10 year old nephew who is very excited to tell you that he learned in science class that the nervous system is like a series of electrical wires that run throughout the body. With your newfound experience in physiology you know that’s not quite true, and that there are gaps (synapses) between neurons, meaning information in the nervous system is not just transmitted via action potential. Describe to your nephew how information is passed from the pre-synaptic to post-synaptic neuron in order to allow information flow throughout the nervous system.

5.Which are unpaired arteries?
a: Superior phrenic

b: Renal

c: Celiac trunk

d: Superior mesenteric

e: Inferior mesenteric

f: Inferior phrenic

g: Vertebral

Group of answer choices

b, c, d

d, e, g

a, b, f

b, c, d, g

c, d, e

6.Which of the following vessels carries deoxygenated blood TO the liver?

Group of answer choices

hepatic portal vein

common hepatic artery

hepatic veins

renal arteries

7.A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

Group of answer choices

distributing arteries

thoroughfare channels

vasa vasorum

companion vessels

fenestrated capillaries

8.As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins ____.

Group of answer choices

get larger

get smaller

No answer text provided.

show no change in their lumen size

9.Blood directly enters the superior vena cava from the _____.

Group of answer choices

common iliac veins

brachiocephalic veins

inferior vena cava

axillary veins

10.Blood pressure is lowest in ____.

Group of answer choices

veins

arteries

venules

capillaries

arterioles

11.Which heart chambers pump deoxygenated blood?

Group of answer choices

Right atrium and right ventricle

Right atrium and left ventricle

Left atrium and left ventricle

Left atrium and right atrium

Left ventricle and right ventricle

12.The coronary sinus drains directly into the right atrium.

Group of answer choices

True

False

13.Which action causes the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

Group of answer choices

ontraction of the right atrium

Contraction of the right ventricle

Contraction of the left atrium

None of these answers is correct

Contraction of the left ventricle