Question

1. Sympathetic chain assignment:

• Where in the brain is the origin (center) for autonomic nervous system?
• What spinal levels do you find the preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
• What are the roots for greater splanchnic nerve?
• What are the 3 major pre-vertebral ganglia?
• What are the roots for the lesser splanchnic nerve?
• What are the roots for the least splanchnic nerve?

2. Abdominal aorta assignment:

• Which are the 3 major unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
• What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?
• Which 3 organs are supplied by the celiac trunk?
• Name 3 branches of the superior mesenteric artery
• Name 3 branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

3. Portocaval anastomosis assignment:

• What is the benefit of portocaval anastomosis in pathological states such as liver cirrhosis?

Answer: 2 sentences

• What are the problems of the portal blood returning to the caval/systemic circulation in liver cirrhosis?

Answer: 2 sentences

• What are the 2 vessels on the esophagus that are communicating in the portocaval anastomosis?
• What is Caput Medusae?

Answer: 1 sentence

• Why esophageal varices develop? What is their danger?

Answer: 2 sentences

Answer 1

1.

Hypothalamus in the brain is centre for autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons at the level of twelve thoracic and first two or three segments of the spinal cord.

Roots of greater splanchnic nerve are T5 - T9.

The celiac ganglia , Superior ganglia and inferior mesenteric ganglia are three components of pre vertebral ganglia.

T9 - T10 are the roots of lesser splanchnic nerve.

Least splenic nerve arises from T12 ganglion.

2.

Unpaired branches of abdominal aorta are coeliac , Superior mesneteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery.

Three branches of celiac trunk are left gastric artery,splenic artery and common hepatic artery.

Stomach,spleen and oesophagus are the organs which are mainly supplied by celiac trunk.

Branches of Superior mesneteric artery are inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery,intestinal arteries,ileocolic artery.

Branches of inferior mesenteric artery are left colic artery, sigmoid branches and superior rectal artery.

3.

In portocaval anastomosis in liver cirrhosis patient the anastomosis become congested and form venous dilations.

Portal hypertension is the main problem in the portal blood returning to caval or systemic circulation in liver cirrhosis.

Esophageal branch of left gastric veins and Azygous veins form anastomosis.

Caput Medusae

It occurs in liver diseases main cardinal feature of portal scarring occurs that leads to harder and increses blood in veins leads to hypertension.

Esophageal varices

It occurs when blood flow to the liver is blocked by tissue scar or clot in the liver.The vessels can rupture and leads to life threatening bleeding may occur.