In class, it was discussed different ways that muscle fibers and muscles as a whole can increase the strength of a contraction. Please list three different things that a muscle fiber or a muscle as a whole can do to increase tension/strength and explain them.

Describe the followings:

a.drug interaction
b.drug biotransformation?
c.drug receptors?

(Describe each with 50-100 words.)

using three examples from 2 body system explain the physiological concept of flow down gradients, e.g pressure gradients, electro-chemical gradients etc. can talk about airway resistance, blood vessel resistance in those gradient where ever it suits, example of system can be renal system talk about loop henle flow down gradient.. In your answer include the terms gradient and resistance. provide detailed answers in each example physiologically

Describe the factors affecting;

a.drug absorption from the injection sites.
b.drug responses.

Please answer each with 50-100 words.

1. Describe the typical somatic motor pathways for a) consciously moving your foot b) winking your right eye, and c) reflexively extending your R arm to break a fall.
   1. What are the roles of the precentral gyrus, basal nuclei, and cerebellum in motor pathways?
   2. Describe at least three ways the function of motor pathways be impaired.

identify 3 primary systems that regulate hydrogen concentration in body fluids

what is the physiological concept of structure-function relationships and how does the structure enables the function. in your answer give three examples form the two-body system,
Need to answer in Detailed answer

Looking for assistance on these three quick questions as I can't seem to figure them out. Thanks in advance for your help!

1. Which of the following would decrease the depth of breathing?

A. Increased arterial PCO2

B. Exercising

C. Increased action potential frequency in neurons from the ventral respiratory group

D. Acidic plasma pH

E. Decreased action potential frequency in neurons from the dorsal respiratory group

F. Overactivation of the respiratory center in the medulla

2. Which of the following would make oxygen unloading in the tissues more difficult?

Select all that apply

A. increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

B. right shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve

C. lower blood pH

D. decreased metabolic rate

E. increased arterial PCO2

F. Left shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve

5. How does CO poisoning work?

A. CO inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) and therefore prevents CO2 from being transported as bicarbonate ions to the lungs for excretion

B. CO paralyzes the diaphragm and therefore prevents the expansion of the lungs and ventilation

C. CO decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation and prevents the delivery of O2 to the tissues.

D. CO destroys hemoglobin and therefore prevents CO2 from being transported to the lungs for excretion

E. CO decreased the plasma solubility of O2 and prevents the delivery of O2 to the tissues.

1. Stress & its Manifestations

(A) Discuss what could be stressor to an older 72 year old man and the possible manifestations

(B) Discuss what could be a stressor to a fetus and the possible manifestations

(C) Discuss the effect of stress on certain diseases

(D) Discuss the stages of the stress response

What do you think about the differences with regard to Lamarck's views of evolution and Darwin/Wallace's views?

5. Explain how the renal medullary osmotic gradient is generated and maintained. Describe how this is important for the regulation of water balance and urine volume. Include the terms Loop of Henle, aquaporin and antidiuretic hormone. Long answer

A female infant has just been born. Prenatal sonograms had shown the existence of cheiloschisis, but her parents seem to be horrified by her actual appearance.

1. What is cheiloschisis?

2. What supportive assistance can be provided to the parents?

3. Will a surgical procedure be immediately performed on the infant?

4. What is the long-term expected outcome of the surgical procedure for the infant?

5. Describe the most commonly used technique for performing a cheiloplasty referred to as the rotation advancement.

A woman complains of severe weakness and heart palpitations, after a night of vomiting and diarrhea from an intestinal flu. An ECG revealed mild cardiac arrhythmia and changes in the normal ECG tracing. Her breathing rate is low and her muscles weak. Analysis of plasma ion concentrations resulted in the following:

Na⁺ = 138 mEq/L, K⁺ = 1.8 mEq/L, Ca²⁺ = 4.7 mEq/L, Cl^- = 101 mEq/L.

In the space provided below, please define and describe each disorder. Circle the disorder you believe is the cause of the described symptoms. Explain your choice, including why the other disorders were eliminated.

hypernatremia

hypokalemia

hyperchloremia

hypocalcemia

What is the difference between how B Cell and various T Cells are produced and what is their associated function in the body’s innate or adaptive immune system? Give examples.