Describe the membrane potential and explain how it is produced

predict what would happen if the tyrosines in the activation loop of insulin were mutated to phenylalanine

phenylalanines will likely be phosphorylated but insulin recptor will not be activated

phenyalanines cannot be phosphorylated and insulin would not be activated

phenylalanine will likely be phosphorylated and irs 1 will bind and be phosphorylated

phenylalanine cannot be phosphorylated but irs 1 will bind and be phosphorylated

Are excitatory graded potentials depolarizing or hyperpolarizing?

What is the name for graded potentials from different stimuli adding together?

Name what kind of ion channels are open and which direction the ion moves for each part of an action potential.

a. Depolarization Na channels open,

b. Repolarization Na channels open,

c. HyperpolarizationNa channels close,

Can a second action potential be sent during depolarization and the first part of repolarization? Why or why not?

1. discuss the relationship between the three cords of the branchial plexus and their position in relation to the axillary artery.

2.Describe the abdominal muscle involved in sitting up from a supine position.

3. describe the articulation points between the parts of the ribs and their corresponding point on the thoracic vertebrae.

Topic: Diabetes

Definition/Description:

Causes:

Risk Factors:

Symptoms:

Complications:

Prevention:

Treatment:

Please answer the following multiple choice questions -- explain too please

1. Blood flow in the coronary circulation

a. increases during systole

b. increases during diastole

2. Oncotic pressure normally helps to draw fluid into

a. arterial ends of capillaries

b. interstitial fund

c. venous ends of capillaries

3. If a blood vessel is vasocontricted

a. the region in front of the constriction will have increased blood pressure and the region after the constriction will have reduced blood pressure

b. the region in front of the constriction will have reduced blood pressure and the region after the constriction will have increased blood pressure

1. To which class do collagen fibers belong? ___________________________

2. What is the monomer for this class of organic molecules? _____________________

3. With what type of reaction breaks down a polymer of this class into monomers? _______________________________

4.Osteoclasts are able to produce the components of a substance that lowers the pH of the surrounding matrix and breaks down hydroxyapatite.

A. proteoglycan

B. sodium chloride

C. alkaline mucus

D. hydrochloric acid

5. list two substances that osteoblast cells should be able to produce:   ______________________________ and ____________________________.

6.Osteoclasts produce an enzyme that break down collagen fibers, what is the name?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

As the event is soon approaching, parts of Hungary are experiencing a heatwave. Indeed, temperatures may exceed 32° Celsius during the first leg of the race leaving Budapest.

A. Will the ambient temperature have any impact on Vinnie’s performance?

B. In terms of thermoregulation, what physiological changes are likely to occur during this leg of the race? Explain how these changes may influence performance.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION

Given that the average distance of each leg is 170.5 km in distance, and sometimes undulating in elevation, you understand that fatigue is inevitable. The energy depletion model of fatigue focuses around the concept that depleted substrates are just one source of fatigue, particularly observed in muscle glycogen and phosphocreatine stores.

A. As an aerobic event, why do you expect depletion in glycogen and phosphocreatine?

B. Why, specifically, is it crucial to replenish muscle glycogen stores prior to the next leg?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

During a casual chat with a sport scientist from another team, they suggest preparing “finish bottles” for the longer legs of the race. Along with a dose of painkillers, a “finish bottle” typically contains an ergogenic dose of caffeine (i.e., approximately 3 to 5 mg·kg^-1 of bodyweight).

A. As a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, what acute physiological changes will likely occur following caffeine ingestion at these doses?

B. Additionally, caffeine has a mild effect at mobilising free fatty acids. Please describe what is meant by mobilisation, and how this may influence performance.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

You recommend that Vinnie performs altitude training as part of his preparation for the race, a training approach that is novel to him.

1. What physiological changes would you expect in the short (i.e., acute), and long-term (i.e., chronic)?
2. How will the physiological changes influence performance in the short (i.e., acute), and long-term (i.e., chronic)?
3. What parameters would you specify to achieve these benefits, and why?