Looking for assistance on these three quick questions as I can't seem to figure them out. Thanks in advance for your help!

1. Which of the following would decrease the depth of breathing?

A. Increased arterial PCO2

B. Exercising

C. Increased action potential frequency in neurons from the ventral respiratory group

D. Acidic plasma pH

E. Decreased action potential frequency in neurons from the dorsal respiratory group

F. Overactivation of the respiratory center in the medulla

2. Which of the following would make oxygen unloading in the tissues more difficult?

Select all that apply

A. increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

B. right shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve

C. lower blood pH

D. decreased metabolic rate

E. increased arterial PCO2

F. Left shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve

5. How does CO poisoning work?

A. CO inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) and therefore prevents CO2 from being transported as bicarbonate ions to the lungs for excretion

B. CO paralyzes the diaphragm and therefore prevents the expansion of the lungs and ventilation

C. CO decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation and prevents the delivery of O2 to the tissues.

D. CO destroys hemoglobin and therefore prevents CO2 from being transported to the lungs for excretion

E. CO decreased the plasma solubility of O2 and prevents the delivery of O2 to the tissues.

1. Stress & its Manifestations

(A) Discuss what could be stressor to an older 72 year old man and the possible manifestations

(B) Discuss what could be a stressor to a fetus and the possible manifestations

(C) Discuss the effect of stress on certain diseases

(D) Discuss the stages of the stress response

What do you think about the differences with regard to Lamarck's views of evolution and Darwin/Wallace's views?

5. Explain how the renal medullary osmotic gradient is generated and maintained. Describe how this is important for the regulation of water balance and urine volume. Include the terms Loop of Henle, aquaporin and antidiuretic hormone. Long answer

A female infant has just been born. Prenatal sonograms had shown the existence of cheiloschisis, but her parents seem to be horrified by her actual appearance.

1. What is cheiloschisis?

2. What supportive assistance can be provided to the parents?

3. Will a surgical procedure be immediately performed on the infant?

4. What is the long-term expected outcome of the surgical procedure for the infant?

5. Describe the most commonly used technique for performing a cheiloplasty referred to as the rotation advancement.

A woman complains of severe weakness and heart palpitations, after a night of vomiting and diarrhea from an intestinal flu. An ECG revealed mild cardiac arrhythmia and changes in the normal ECG tracing. Her breathing rate is low and her muscles weak. Analysis of plasma ion concentrations resulted in the following:

Na⁺ = 138 mEq/L, K⁺ = 1.8 mEq/L, Ca²⁺ = 4.7 mEq/L, Cl^- = 101 mEq/L.

In the space provided below, please define and describe each disorder. Circle the disorder you believe is the cause of the described symptoms. Explain your choice, including why the other disorders were eliminated.

hypernatremia

hypokalemia

hyperchloremia

hypocalcemia

What is the difference between how B Cell and various T Cells are produced and what is their associated function in the body’s innate or adaptive immune system? Give examples.

prepare a four minute summary explaining how chemical signals from the endocrine system drive development of the reproductive system in both sexes. Your summary should include a comparison of this process among males and females. Your summary should be well organized, and should make sense to somebody who doesn’t have the guiding questions in front of them.

In your summary you should address the following questions:

• What hormones are involved in this process?
• What cells do these hormones interact with?
• What effect do the identified hormones have?
• What additional actions might these hormones have within the body (apart from the reproductive system)?

T/F

1. Specific sequences in the mRNA directly effect the sorting of proteins into various organelles in the cell. T/F?

2. All mitochondria proteins are coded for & synthesized in mitochondrial matrix. T/F?

3. All protein folding occurs spontaneously without the need of energy. T/F?

With a reduced number of acetylcholine receptors, can acetylcholine stimulate a muscle fiber?

Read the following Case Study and answer the questions based on the information.

History of Present Illness: The patient has been noted to have some bright, red bleeding intermittently for approximately 8 months, initially presumable of a hemorrhoidal basis. She recently has had intensification of the rectal bleeding but no weight loss, anorexia, or obstructive pain. No significant diarrhea or constipation. Some low back pain, probably unrelated. Recent colonoscopy by Dr. Scoma revealed a large sessile (attached by a broad base) polyp, which was partially excised at the 20 cm level, showing infiltrating adenocarcinoma at the base. The patient is to enter the hospital at this time, after home antibiotic and mechanical bowel prep, to undergo sigmoid colectomy and possible further resection.      

1. The patient has had which of the following chronic symptoms: .............

A. Loss of appetite

B. Melena

C. Hematochezia

D. Loose stools                                                

2. The cause of her chronic symptom was:

A. Glandular tumor of the stomach

B. Swollen rectal veins

C. Ulcerative colitis

D. Malignant tumor of the colon                                                                                                                                                                              

3. What procedure did she have recently that diagnosed her condition?

A. Visual examination of her large intestine

B. Removal of her sigmoid colon

C. Low anterior resection of the large intestine

D. Hemorrhoidectomy

list and describe the role and use of antibody isotypes in the human immune system.  Include functions, roles, locations.

30. The axial skeleton includes ________.

A) skull, vertebral column, and pelvis B) arms, legs, hands, and feet C) skull, vertebral column, and rib cage D) skull, scapula and vertebral column

34) A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________ that engulfs cells or waste products.

A) squamous epithelial cell          B) phagocytic cell          C) nerve cell            D) melanocyte

40) Elastic cartilage is found in the _______________.

A) ears, nose and glottis            B) ears, nose, and epiglottis          C) ears and glottis           D) ears and epiglottis

42) Before the epiphyseal plate becomes calcified later in life, it is _______________ and forms a _____________ joint between the ______________ and ________________ of a long bone.

A) hyaline cartilage; synchondrosis; spongy bone; compact bone

B) fibrocartilage; gomphosis; diaphysis; epiphysis

C) hyaline cartilage; synchondrosis; epiphysis; diaphysis

D) hyaline cartilage; synovial joint; epiphysis; diaphysis

46) The carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs are examples of ____________, ____________, _____________, and __________ joints.

A) saddle; uniaxial; synovial; amphiarthrotic            B) saddle; biaxial; synovial; diarthrotic

C) condylar; uniaxial; synovial; synarthrotic            D) condylar; biaxial; fibrous; amphiarthrotic

47) You will find a gliding movement in a(n) _________________ joint.

A) intertarsal            B) interphalangeal            C) atlantoaxial            D) proximal radioulnar

49) The frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and clavicle bones are formed by _____________ ossification

A) endochondral            B) temporal            C) hypertrophic            D) intramembranous

50) The ______________ zone is found between the epiphyseal plate and epiphysis of a long bone.

A) hypertrophic            B) proliferation            C) resting            D) ossification

80) Which of the following is a true statement?

A) The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process.

B) The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula.

C) The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint.

D) The ulna and the radius articulate at both the proximal and distal ends.

82) Which ligament restricts side-to-side movements at the elbow?

A) ulnar collateral ligament             B) anular ligament             C) acetabular labrum             D) lateral ligament

Benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators at the GABA-A receptor. a) Describe how positive allosteric modulators affect receptor function. b) Discuss the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines and their effect on central nervous system (CNS) activity. c) GABA is also an agonist at GABA-B receptors, which are G protein coupled receptors that couple to Gi. Explain the signalling pathways that will be activated when GABA binds to the GABA-B receptor.

A patient is admitted to hospital with organophosphate poisoning. Their symptoms include difficulty breathing and a low heart rate.

a) Describe the mechanism of action of this poison.

b) Explain why the patient has these symptoms, and identify the receptors and second messengers that are involved.

c) Identify a drug that could be used to treat organophosphate poisoning, and explain why this treatment would be effective.

d) What would happen if a patient with organophosphate poisoning was given rocuronium? Explain your answer.