Compare and contrast steroid and non-steroid hormones. Specifically address how each category is carried in the blood and how each interacts with the cellular membrane of target cells. Why do these two categories of steroid interact with plasma membranes in different ways?

Match the following answers to the corresponding question concerning respiratory chemistry.

1. define hemoglobin saturation
2. what part of the heme unit of hemoglobin does oxygen bond tond to
3. what does it mean for hemoglobin to be 100% saturated?
4. under normal conditions, what is hemoglobin saturation if blood PO2 is 40 mm Hg?
5. under normal conditions, what is hemoglobin saturation if blood PO2 is 60 mm Hg?
6. What PO2 will provide 100% saturation?
7. What will happen to your blood pH in the skeletal muscles when exercising vigorously?
8. why does the pH in muscle exchange when exercising vigorously?
9. how does the drop in pH influence hemoglobin saturation? rising body temperature? increasing amounts of BPG?
10. define hypoventilation
11. define hyperventilation
12. does hyperventilation or hypoventilation result in respiratory alkalosis?
13. does hyperventilation or hypoventilation result in respiratory acidosis?

a. all heme units are fully loaded with oxygen

b. 75%

c. decrease because oxygen will be released from the heme unit

d. 75%

e. 89%

f. 250 mm Hg

g. pH will drop

h. the percentage of heme units bonded to oxygen

i. breath rates are abnormally low and cannot remove carbon dioxide from the blood adequately

j. breath rate is abnormally high and more carbon dioxide than normal is released from the blood

k. hypoventilation

l. hyperventilation

Which of the following usually decreases glomerular filtration rate? Choose all that are correct

A. a decrease in arterial pressure

B. a decrease in plasma protein level

C. a decrease in sympathetic nervous system output

D. a decrease in atrial natriuretic hormone

A. When we think of structure, we tend to consider only those features a tissue does have and how the presence of the feature allows for function. But we can also think in reverse and consider features a tissue does not have. The lack of a feature can also allow the tissue to function in a certain way. Consider avascular tissues. Using either epithelial tissue or cartilage, can you think why lacking blood vessels is necessary for its function? B. Rank the following in terms of level of protection. #1 being the most protective. Explain your ranking: Stratified cuboidal Stratified squamous Pseudostratified columnar Stratified columnar C.Any epithelial tissue coating the vessel wall could theoretically reduce friction. So why is simple squamous the only one that is actually located coating a vessel wall? Meaning, why is there not simple cuboidal or stratified squamous coating a vessel wall to reduce friction? D. The ducts of some glands contain simple cuboidal while the ducts of other glands are stratified cuboidal. Both of these tissues allow for secretion so why do some have simple but others have stratified cuboidal? E. How does the structural difference between hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage allow for functional differences between the three types of cartilage? F. Why do you think only cartilage and bone have cells in lacunae? G. Dense CT is vascular but poorly vascular so they heal very slowly, sometimes not at all. This is why injuries to tendons/ligaments often require surgery to repair them. Since cartilage is avascular, most, if not all, cartilage injuries require surgery to repair them. However, epithelial tissue is avascular…but has a tremendous ability to heal. Epithelial tissue is one of fastest healing tissues. Since both epithelial tissue and cartilage are avascular, why does one heal very fast but the other not at all. Healing is a functional feature and, as we know, this function must be due to structure. Examine the structure of both tissues. H. How does the structural differences between dense regular and dense irregular allow for the functional differences between them?

Topic: muscle tissue Briefly explain how the structure of the tissue allows for the function of the tissue. Be sure your post is relating specific aspects of its structure to function. This discussion is not asking students to simply describe structure and then describe function. Rather, it is asking students to relate structure to function.

EXERCISE 2: TESTABLE OBSERVATIONS

Determine which of the observations below are testable. For those that are testable:

• Determine if the observation is qualitative or quantitative.

• Write a hypothesis and a null hypothesis.

• What is your experimental approach?

• What are the dependent and independent variables?

• What are your controls, both positive and negative?

• How will you collect your data?

• How will you present your data (e.g., chart, graph, type)?

• How will you analyze your data?

Observations

1. A plant grows three inches faster per day when placed on a window sill than it does when placed on a coffee table in the middle of the living room.

2. The bank teller with brown hair and brown eyes is taller than the other tellers.

3. When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she eats fatty foods and does not exercise.

4. The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm, but the one-two blocks away closes at 10 pm.

5. For the past two days, the clouds have come out at 3 pm, and it has started raining at 3:15 pm.

6. George did not sleep at all the night following the start of Daylight Savings Time.

A. Organise the items below from superficial to deep. Give a structural description for each.

On a night out with friends at the viaduct, james has too much to drink. He loses his balance and falls, hitting his head on the concrete floor. He is assessed by a paramedic for a possible concussion. Assume normal physiology and anatomy in addressing the specific questions below.

A. Organise the items below from superficial to deep. Give a structural description for each.

Pia mater, skull, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, dura mater (meningeal layer), dura mater (periosteal layer)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Deepest

1. The cerebrospinal fluid is one of the most important components in protecting the central nervous system. Without it, James could have badly damaged his brain. Describe the anatomical structures and locations that produce and remove cerebrospinal fluid from the central nervous system.  

LO3 (word limit for this section: 250)

James fell because he had too much alcohol to drink.

A. Describe the structure of the blood brain barrier and explain how it is supposed to protect the brain.

B. Why did the blood brain barrier not successfully prevent the alcohol from entering into James's brain?

C. What major regions of James's brain would you expect to have been affected by the alcohol to influence his somatic motor function?

Describe how cell maintains resting membrane potential. Write out the steps taken in order to accomplish this.

7. The body cavity found in the trunk is the ________________ ____________ while the cavity found in the head, neck and the posterior part of the trunk is the__________ ____________.

8. Define homeostasis.

F. Membranes 1. The inner membrane adhering to the surface of the heart is called the ________________ ________________ membrane.

2. The membrane lining the wall of the abdominal cavity is called the ____________________.

3. The two membranes surrounding the lungs are called the _________________ and ________________ layers of the pleural membranes.

4. What is pericarditis?__________________________________________________________

G. Homeostasis 1. List the two types of feedback loops that regulate human body functions. Give a short description of each. a. _______________________ b. ______________________ _________________________________________________________________________

2. Which type of feedback loop maintains homeostasis of most body function? Why?_________________________________________________________________________

MAKE THE CONNECTION 1. The body is in the supine position. If a transverse CT scan is taken at the mid-thoracic region, you will see the _______________ in the center, the two _______________ flanking the lateral sides, and the ____________________ on the posterior side of the image.

2. During the French revolution, those that had been in power were sent to the guillotine (OFF WITH THEIR HEADS!). What kind of section of the body did the blade take? __________________________________

How are meiosis and mitosis different?

What does haploid mean?

What does the sperm bring to the egg?

Watson called DNA "the most golden of all molecules"primarily because of its protein synthesis. How would you describe the importance of the process of protein synthesis in the functioning of a cell?

What causes a kidney stone to form?

How can NaCl increase your kidney stone risk?

Why are kidney stones bad?

How can you prevent ovulation? How can you prevent spermatogenesis? How does oogenesis differ from spermatogenesis? What are nurse cells? What causes the release of LH and FSH?

What is the role of HCG during pregnancy?

What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

Explain how estrogen levels change during pregnancy.