30.Which of the following steps of the cell cycle does a cancer cell never enter? A. G0

B. G1 C. G2 D. M E. S

31.Which of the following abdominopelvic regions overlaps at least partly with the right lower quadrant?
A. Epigastric
B. Hypogastric

C. Left inguinal
D. Left lumbar
E. Right hypochondriac

32.Which of the following organ systems has a primary function of immunity? A. Endocrine
B. Lymphatic
C. Muscular

D. Reproductive E. Urinary

33.Which of the following structures would you expect to find in the pleural cavity? A. Atlas

B. Heart
C. Lung
D. Pubis
E. Xiphoid process

34.The region of the body that contains the fibula is also known as the A. Axilla

B. Bucca C. Crus
D. Frons E. Mamma

35.In a long bone, which of the following ossifies first? A. Diaphysis

B. Epiphyseal cartilage C. Epiphysis
D. External Callus
E. Metaphysis

36.The main blood supply in compact bone is found in A. Canaliculi

B. Central canals C. Lacunae
D. Lamellae
E. Osteocytes

37.The interosseous membrane in the leg is an example of a A. Diarthrosis
B. Synarthrosis
C. Synchondrosis

D. Syndesmosis E. Synostosis

38.When a person sprains her ankle, which of the following motions did her ankle most likely do?

A. Dorsiflexion B. Eversion
C. Inversion
D. Plantar flexion E. Retraction

39.Thick skin is most likely found on the A. Antebrachium
B. Intestinal lining
C. Knee

D. Palm E. Scalp

40.What is the major function of the arrector pili?
A. Causing hairs to stand on end
B. Holding bone to bone
C. Increasing surface area between dermis and epidermis D. Producing oil

E. Providing cushion in the spine

41. (Extra credit) Which of the following joints is biaxial? A. Atlantoaxial
B. Elbow (humero-ulnar)
C. Hip

D. Metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 4 E. Pubic symphysis

Question 62

Which of the following is a multiaxial joint?

Question 62 options:

Question 64

Joints with a small ROM are usually

Question 64 options:

Help w/ both.

Question 57

In a chemical synapse, the synaptic bulbs of the presynaptic neuron have _____, while the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron has _____.

Question 57 options:

Question 59

Which of the following is CORRECT?

Question 59 options:

Question 60

Glaucoma can be dangerous because it increases intraocular pressure.

Question 60 options:

Give one example how the the endocrine system work with the immune system?

Show effects of certain hormones on urine output

There are five primary causes of hypoxaemia (low blood oxygen content):

1. Diffusion limitation which limits the transfer of oxygen between the alveoli and blood (such as pulmonary oedema).
2. Hypoventilation
3. Reduced atmospheric oxygen (such as high altitude)
4. Ventilation/perfusion (VQ) mismatch (for some reason poorly ventilated alveoli are still receiving blood flow)
5. Shunt- some alveoli are completely blocked either by obstruction or are completely filled with fluid such as in pneumonia, but still receive blood flow.

The first four of these can be helped by giving the patient oxygen which in turn increases their arterial PO₂. However, giving oxygen has little impact on a patient with a pulmonary shunt.

For each of the above causes, briefly (1-2 sentences) describe how it would lead to low arterial PO₂. Then describe why giving a patient 100% oxygen would increase their arterial PO₂ (for the first four), and why it would not significantly improve in a patient with a pulmonary shunt. Explain your reasoning. 4 and 5 are the most challenging and will require more description than the first 3. (2-6 total sentences each)

Diffusion Limitation :

Hypoventilation :

Reduced atmospheric oxygen :

V/Q Mismatch:

Shunt

At about 12 pm, before lunch, Louisa undertakes her daily exercise workout, which involves running continuously for 20 min at ~80% of her VO₂ max.

1. List the primary sources of energy production / ATP generation during the first 30 seconds of exercise. You only need to list the sources.

During the period from 5 to 20 min there would be significant changes in the utilisation of carbohydrate and fatty acids when compared to when Louisa was sitting at her desk studying (i.e. at rest). List these changes.

Describe the anatomy, function, and development of the brain.

Obstructive shock results from an obstruction of either the great vessels of the heart, or the heart itself. One cause of this is called tamponade (not to be confused with tapenade, an olive spread perfect for picnics or light entrées). Tamponade is caused by a pericardial effusion, build up of fluid in the sack which encloses the heart, or bleeding into the pericardium, either of which compress the heart.

Describe how this would impact stroke volume and ventricular contractility. Explain your reasoning.

1. Distributive shock is the result of whole-body vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. The most common form of distributive shock results from a severe whole-body allergic reaction called anaphylaxis, or a severe infection in the blood known as sepsis. In addition to constriction of the airways, chemicals such as histamine and cytokines which are released during the reaction cause systemic vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability.

1. Describe how this would be dangerous to the survival of brain tissue. Your answer should include the consequences of respiratory impact, systemic vasodilation, and vascular permeability.

During prolonged steroid treatment, the adrenal glands drastically reduce cortisol production. One of the many roles of cortisol is to upregulate alpha-1 receptors in the body. How could distributive shock occur if a patient who had been on long-term steroids was suddenly taken off them?

Describe how cardiogenic shock would impact cardiac output and mean arterial pressure, then describe how the autonomic nervous system would respond to this.

How could this response be potentially detrimental to both the heart and organs?

Brain structures responsible for sexual behaviors. Pick one of the following brain areas: MPOA, Medial Amygdala, vmH, PVN, or SDN. Then, describe in detail what types of symptoms would result if an individual had damage to that area. DO NOT LIST or NAME your brain area! When you respond to the other post, your job is to try to guess what the damaged brain area is, and why you think that is the area. You will be graded on how well you describe the deficits for that brain area.

Briefly describe and analyze a non-human primate's behavior you have observed...either in the wild, at a zoo, on a documentary, or in one of the videos we've watched for our class. What type of behavior would you categorize it as?