By doing two submaximal tests to predict the V02 max of the same person, we could see that the result differ a little bit:

Astrand Rhyming : absolute value: 3.15 liter per minute, relative value: 48,46 ml/kg/min.

YMCA cycle test: absolute value: 3.0 liters per minute, relative value: 46,15 ml/kg/min.

What does the difference in results tell us? How much did the two tests differ? Which of these test is better in order to get the most accurate prediction of a VO2 max value for that person?

Dehydration is one of the problems that people have when they have large third-degree burns on their skin. Why do you think this is? What part(s) of the skin is compromised that causes dehydration?

Would you expect someone with second-degree burns to have this problem? Why or why not?

1. What organ system does COVID-19 infect?

2. Specifically, this virus destroys the cilia in our airways. What is the role of cilia?

3. In addition, COVID- 19 causes a hyperreactive inflammation response. Normally, inflammation is a defense mechanism. What is inflammation and how is this protective? Why is the case of COVID-19 is this over-reaction of inflammation a bad thing?

4. Scientists are working around the clock to develop a COVID-19 vaccine. In the meantime, one current treatment is to inject antibodies from COVID-19 survivors into the blood of those currently suffering from the virus. Why is this helpful and which specific type of immunity is this?

what's the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands, and between unicellular and multicellular glands. Give examples.

1. What are Branchiootic and branchiootorenal syndromes? What are some of the

morphological abnormalities associated with the disease? Which genes are mutated in these

conditions? What is the role of these genes in placode development?

1. A) What is “Brainbow”? How does the system work? If you wanted to understand the neuronal connections that are responsible for coordinating voluntary motor function which cell type would you label with brainbow? What specific transgenes would you use? Paste a picture of the cell type labeled with brainbow in your response.

B) What is BrdU staining? What information does it give you about cells? How can it be used to identify the timing of neuron birth in relation to development of the neocortex?

4) Identify four different chemoattractants that drive neural crest migration. What are the

receptors the molecules bind? How are the signals transduced? And what is the effect on cell

physiology? Which varieties of neural crest do they attract? What are the cell types these

neural crest become?

11. Explain each of these 4 forces, and mention if they contribute to, or oppose, glomerular filtration. Also draw AND label a simple diagram demonstrating the relationship of these 4 forces @ the renal corpuscle. And finally, set up an algebraic equation showing how all 4 forces contribute to Net Filtration Pressure. (ex: NFP = (A+b)-(C+d)) a. GHP – Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure b. GOP – Glomerular Osmotic Pressure (the book calls it BCOP) c. CHP – Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (the book calls it CsHP) d. COP - Capsular Osmotic Pressure (the book calls it CsOP)

1. In your own words, explain how glomerulus regulates what it filters into the capsular space using the 5 terms below.
   1. Podocytes, Pedicles, Filtration Slits, Fenestrated capillary pores, Lamina densa (or basement membrane)

1. What percentage of the U.S. population is overweight by BMI?
   1. 70%
   2. 90%
   3. 50%
   4. 25%

2.   What are the potential mechanisms for increasing glucose uptake into muscle?
   1. Contraction mediated Glut1 translocation
   2. Insulin mediated Glut4 translocation
   3. Contraction mediated Glut4 translocation
   4. B+C

3. Which of the following is NOT a precaution that should be taken to reduce the risk of exercise- induced hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in patients with type 1 diabetes?
   1. Consume carbohydrate if glucose is <100 mg/dl
   2. Avoid exercising during peak insulin action
   3. Reduce insulin dose on exercise days
   4. Increase insulin dose immediately after exercise

4. A 44 year old male who is obese but otherwise healthy and his father had type 2 Diabetes and had died at 67 from MI, would be classified as medium risk according to the ACSM risk stratification tool. Why is that?
   1. He should be classified as low risk since he has only 1 risk factor: obesity
   2. He has 2 risk factors: obesity and family history
   3. He has 2 risk factors: obesity and assumed pre-diabetic
   4. He has 3 risk factors: age, obesity and family history

5. People classified as ‘High Risk’ using the ACSM risk stratification tool may never exercise.
   1. True
   2. False

6. According to the ACSM guidelines, which of the following individuals meets the criteria for “family history” as a risk factor for developing CVD?
   1. female whose maternal uncle had a heart attack at the age of 58
   2. a male whose mother had coronary bypass surgery at the age of 70
   3. a female whose father died at the age of 63 from a heart attack
   4. a male whose father had a heart attack at the age of 48

7. Which of the following would be categorized as ‘High Risk’?
   1. Male, 25 year old smoker. Healthy and physically active.
   2. Female, 60 year old. Sedentary, BMI=31
   3. Male 65 year old. Sedentary, former smoker.
   4. Female 30 year old. Physically active, Mom died of MI at 64 years. Type 1 diabetic.
   5. B+C

8. Which of the following would be categorized as ‘Moderate Risk’?
   1. Male, 25 year old smoker. Healthy and physically active.
   2. Female, 60 year old. Sedentary, BMI=31
   3. Male 65 year old. Sedentary, former smoker.
   4. Female 30 year old. Physically active, Mom died of MI at 64 years. Type 1 diabetic.
   5. B+C

9. Which of the following would be categorized as ‘Low Risk’?
   1. Male, 25 year old smoker. Healthy and physically active.
   2. Female, 60 year old. Sedentary, BMI=31
   3. Male 65 year old. Sedentary, former smoker. On hypertension medication.
   4. Female 30 year old. Physically active, Mom died of MI at 64 years. Type 1 diabetic.
   5. B+C

10. How does exercise affect glucose metabolism in healthy individuals?
    1. Blood glucose is maintained by decreased insulin and increased counter-regulatory hormones
    2. Blood glucose decreases because of increased insulin production
    3. Blood glucose is maintained by decreased counter-regulatory hormones
    4. Blood glucose increases due to increased gut absorption

PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THE QUESTIONS! THANKS!

1. Which of the following is not a potential complication/co-morbidity of diabetes
   1. Coronary artery disease
   2. Neuropathy in the feet
   3. Kidney damage
   4. All of the following are chronic complications of diabetes

2. A hallmark symptom of both types of diabetes is an elevated blood glucose level often called
   1. Hyperglycemia
   2. Hypoglycemia
   3. Hyperinsulinemia
   4. Hypoinsulinemia
   5. None of the above

3. Once insulin binds to its receptor on the surface of a muscle fiber, a signaling cascade occurs that eventually moves this transport protein to the cell membrane which then moves glucose into muscle
   1. GLUT4
   2. GLUT2
   3. G-protein
   4. IRS-1

4. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for development of type II diabetes
   1. Obesity
   2. Age
   3. Abdominal Fat Distribution
   4. Peripheral Arterial Disease

5. ____________diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency because the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, while _________________ diabetes can produce insulin, but have insulin receptors that are insensitive or insulin resistant.
   1. Type 1; Type 2
   2. Type 2; Type 1
   3. Type 1; Type 1a
   4. Type 2a; Type 2b

6. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult onset ____
   1. Neuropathies
   2. Spinal cord injuries
   3. Blindness
   4. Obesity

7. Radiating pain in the neck, jaw, and/or left arm due to transient myocardial ischemia best describes which of the following

1. Angina
2. Claudication
3. Peripheral arterial disease
4. Atheroschlerosis
5. None of the above

People who suffer from gout often find relief by avoiding rich foods and drinking cherry juice. Why? In your answer, explain the symptoms of gout and the mechanisms by which treatments of gout work.