Although both type I and type II hypersensitivities involve antibodies as immune effectors, different mechanisms are involved with these different hypersensitivities. Differentiate the two.

The hand – most _________________________________region of the upper limb

                Name the following bony landmarks based on the description given

• The 8 bones of the wrist: ______________________________________________
• The 5 bones of the palm: _______________________________________________
• The 14 bones of the fingers, 3 per digit except for the thumb which has only 2 ____________________

Lower Limb:

The pelvic girdle - attaches the ________________________________________________________

Includes: Paired coxal bones which articulate to the _________________.

Coxal bone (Hip Bone) – formed fusion of three bones:

                Ilium – Located ____________________ it is the largest of the 3 bones of the hip

                    Name the following bony landmarks based on the description given

• Superior ridge of the ilium, site of muscle attachment ______________________

A ‘notched out’ segment of the distal Ileum _________________________________

Ischium – forms the ________________________________________ aspect of the hip bone

                     Name the following bony landmarks based on the description given

• Enlarged/roughened area of the ischium, region on which we sit _______________________
• A smaller ‘notched out’ segment of the ischium ____________________________________

Pubis – forms the ___________________________________ aspect of the hip bone, the 2 pubic bones articulate at the _____________________________________

                Acetabulum – the cup-shaped structure for articulating to the _______________________________

                Obturator foramen – large _______________________through which nerves and blood vessels pass

Thigh – region of the lower limb between __________________________________________

Femur – largest ____________________ in the human body, articulates to the hip bone proximally and the tibia distally

            Name the following bony landmarks based on the description given

• Smooth, rounded structure that articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone ___________
• Thin region beside the head: _______________________
• Pair of protrusions used for muscle attachment ___________________________________
• Ridge down the posterior side of the bone, used for muscle attachment_______________________

Smooth, rounded projections, articulate to the condyles of the tibia __________________________

Imagine you visit the gymnasium for a workout and you suddenly remember a topic from chapter 9 in EXSC 223. Rather than a moment of panic you walk over to the dumbbell rack and pickup the lowest weight and perform a bicep curl. One by one you move down the rack progressively selecting heavier weights as you pick up, curl, and then set down the weight (making sure to use hand sanitizer on your hands after lifting each dumbbell). Explain the regulation of skeletal muscle force production from the lowest to the heaviest weight lifted.

Describe and give examples of mono-synaptic and oligo-synaptic reflexes. (4)

What is an H-reflex? (2) Given an application (2).

What evidence do we have that the brain uses inverse models for control of movement? (6)

Do we need an “inverse model” to do a task described by Fitt’s law? Why? (5)

Respiratory Case Study

Priya is a healthy 22-year-old woman who just graduated from BU and has lived in Boston her whole life. She goes to Colorado to visit a friend and together they drive to the top of Pike’s Peak, a mountain with a peak elevation of approximately 14,000 ft above sea level. While walking around taking pictures at the top of the peak Priya finds that she needs to sit down and catch her breath several times, even though she is not exercising intensively. During those breaks she also notices that she is taking breaths much more deeply and frequently than normal. She walks to the weather station to rest and glances at a barometer hanging overhead. It reads 450 mmHg. She thinks back to what she learned in BI 315 and realizes that she may be experiencing altitude sickness.

1. Relative to sea level, the P in Priya’s (1) alveoli, (2) systemic arterial blood, and (3) systemic venous blood is:

A (1) lower; (2) lower; (3) the same.

B (1) the same; (2) the same; (3) the same.

C (1) lower; (2) lower; (3) lower.

D (1) lower; (2) the same; (3) the same.

2. From a mechanistic perspective, what caused Priya to begin breathing more quickly immediately when she arrived at the top of the peak?

A Increased peripheral chemoreceptor firing rate caused by low arterial P.

B #Increased peripheral chemoreceptor firing rate caused by high arterial P.

C Decreased peripheral chemoreceptor firing rate caused by low arterial P.

D Increased peripheral chemoreceptor firing rate caused by high arterial ​[H].

3. Once Priya has been at high altitude for a short time (e.g., a few hours), what do you predict will be true of the P of her systemic arterial blood?

A It will be lower than when she was at sea level.

B It will be higher than when she was at sea level.

4. Once Priya has been at high altitude for a short time (e.g., a few hours), what do you predict will be true of the pH of her systemic arterial blood?

A It will be lower than when she was at sea level.

B It will be higher than when she was at sea level.

C It will be the same as when she was at sea level.

5. Holding all else equal, which of the following chronic responses do you predict would be homeostatic and reduce the severity of Priya’s altitude sickness?

A A decrease in the amount of hemoglobin contained in each red blood cell.

B A reduction in capillary density in her metabolically active tissues (e.g. her skeletal muscles).

C Increased tonic level of constriction of her respiratory airways due to elevated levels of smooth muscle contraction.

D Biochemical changes in her cells that increase the average number of ATPs generated per O molecule by cellular respiration.

6. One chronic change that occurs robustly when humans move to high altitude is an increase in red blood cell differentiation, leading to a very high red blood cell count in the plasma (polycythemia). This was long regarded as a clear example of adaptive physiological acclimation to low atmospheric O in humans. However, it has recently been argued that this is actually an instance where a physiological change (increased red blood cell differentiation) that might be homeostatic in some contexts (e.g. low tissue O levels due to low red blood cell counts after a hemorrhage) might in fact be harmful in the wrong context (e.g. low tissue O levels due to low atmospheric O levels). Which of the following scenarios is a plausible reason why polycythemia might be harmful to Priya’s overall health?

A Polycythemia reduces the partial pressure of O freely dissolved in the blood plasma.

B Polycythemia increases the viscosity of her blood, which increases resistance to flow, which increases blood pressure and puts added strain on the chambers of her heart when pumping blood.

C Polycythemia shifts the O-hemoglobin dissociation curve of the blood to the left, increasing the affinity of the blood for O.

D Polycythemia reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of her blood.

7. After a while, Priya’s friend Tenzin comes to visit her at the visitor’s center. Tenzin’s family immigrated to the US from Tibet before Tenzin was born. Even though Tenzin has never lived anywhere but Boston, Priya and Tenzin notice that he experiences relatively mild symptoms of altitude sickness when he arrives at Pike’s Peak. They do some research and find recent peer-reviewed studies by evolutionary biologists demonstrating that several human populations, including ethnic Tibetans, have adapted to life at high altitudes over the past several thousand years. This gets Priya and Tenzin thinking about what those physiological adaptations could plausibly be.

Respiratory Case Study.07

HomeworkAnswered

All of the following evolutionary adaptations might be predicted to improve the physiological performance of human populations living at high altitude EXCEPT:

A Globally lower resistance to blood flow through the vasculature due to the effects of local vasodilators such as nitric oxide.

B Increased ability of the kidneys to filter out and excrete HCO in the urine.

C Increased chest circumference and higher lung volumes (including tidal volume and vital capacity).

D Lower endogenous bursting rates in the neurons of the respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla.

Growth and development. define the following terms:

constructivism

amplification

scaffolding

rewards

reinforcement

extrinsic words

Please answer these for me! Thank you :)

1. The parvocellular system is dedicated to fine-grained, conscious processing of color and other details. The magnocellular system contributes to conscious processing of motion and spatial information but also to lower-level, non-conscious function of motion. Describe 3 differences in the activity of these two systems and how they support these two different functions.
2. What information from the retinas crosses at the optic chiasm, and what doesn’t cross but stays on the same side of the axis of symmetry?
3. Describe why the somatosensory homunculus looks like he does.

I have to describe how the respiratory system normally works for an assignment. Think, "normal respiration". Although I should know this material, I am having difficulty explaining it. So i am looking for the steps for that takes place during normal respiration.

Ex:  

1. Air enters through the nose and mouth, through the upper airway to the lungs.

2. At the same time, Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs

3. Gas exchange takes place at capilaries

4.. Oxygenated blood is carried fro lungs to the heart.

A person that has a diet deficient in iodine begins to experience weight gain, low blood pressure, and an intolerance to cold. The person also has a goiter (i.e. enlarged thyroid gland).

A). What causes the weight gain, low blood pressure, and intolerance to cold?

B). Why does this person have a goiter?

C). How is iodine typically introduced in the diet?

2 hours after significant blood loss, you would expect

Select one or more:

a. Low aldosterone

b. High aldosterone

c. Low ADH

d. High ADH

e. Low GFR

f. High GFR

Dr. Sam Wise, medical director at San Diego Valley Hospital, has just conducted a meeting in which he informed those in attendance of an acute outbreak of Zika virus. In the past 36 hours, two men and one woman, completely unrelated to one another, have presented to Valley’s ER with the symptoms of Zika virus. Their only commonality is that they all live within an area of 17 square miles.

Patient 1, Stevie, is a 24-year-old graduate student at San Diego State University. He is not in a relationship and has had no sexual contact in more than three months. He has not traveled out of the greater San Diego area in the past five months, and he has never left the west coast of the United States.

Patient 2, Tiffany, is a 31-year-old marketing executive. She is married with two children, ages 3 and 4. Tiffany was in Seattle for a weekend, two weeks ago, but she has, otherwise, not left San Diego in more than six months. Her husband and children have not left San Diego in more than a year. Tiffany’s husband and her children exhibit no symptoms of Zika.

Patient 3, Enrique, is a 39-year-old carpenter. He owns his own business, which has him traveling all over the region, within a 100-mile radius of San Diego. However, he has never traveled any farther than that. Enrique is married with four children, aged between 3 and 8 years of age. No one in Enrique’s family has exhibited any Zika symptoms.

Because all of the children are too young to date, and there are no extramarital behaviors in either Tiffany’s or Enrique’s relationships, the possibility of others being infected through sexual intercourse is eliminated. As well, none of the infected parties have traveled to a high risk area.

As the director of community relations at San Diego Valley Hospital, Dr. Wise has charged you with the task of writing an article to be released to the public through the local newspaper. Dr. Wise has charged you with informing the public of a potential Zika outbreak. Your article must include a discussion of the epidemiological triangle, modes of transmission, symptoms of Zika, high-risk populations, associated morbidities, known vaccines, prevention measures, etc. Your article must be written in a lay fashion. In order to assist you in writing the article, the hospital’s epidemiologist has provided you with these CDC-supported resources.

Did resting lactate differ by sex? Why might this be the case?

What do these values say about lactate production at rest?

What could explain a resting lactate value of >2.0 mM?