Please answer ALL QUESTIONS

Question 9- What is a greater factor in determining breath hold time?

oxygen levels or CO2 levels

Question 14: How can kidneys increase the pH in your blood?

a. excrete CO2

b.excrete H+ ions

c. xcrete HCO3- ions

d. Increase O2

Question 18: what is the next smallest tube after bronchioles in the lungs?

question 22:What cell in the lungs secretes alveolar fluid and surfactant?

a.type 2 cells

b. alveolar macrophages

c.type 1 cells

Describe the function of two non-neural optical structures of the visual system. Also, describe resulting visual impairments if each of these structures is damaged.

How does alcoholism affect the body's nutritional status?

1) Why would the anterior portion of the nose be cartilage instead of bone?

2) Some elderly patients have difficulty swallowing and closing their epiglottis. Would this cause any potential problems in the respiratory system?

3) What are the two things shown or implied in slide 26 that work together for a particular goal? What is their purpose? If either is not performing, would performance be compromised?

4) Slide 40 shows emphysema reducing the total surface area of the alveoli. Where else have we seen surface area being important in A&P?

5) OPTIONAL Draw two close segments of the lung (schematically) and draw why infections going from one to another are somewhat inhibited because of the anatomy. Draw the same two area but without being contained in segments and draw why an infection can go more easily from one of the regions to the other region.

6) Referring to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (slide 76), would a healthy patient benefit from breathing in a higher percentage of O2 such as when visiting an “oxygen bar”. Would there potentially be any benefit via a different route than hemoglobin (but isn’t)?

7) Relate the three factors affecting the affinity of Hb for O2 on slide 77, to exercise. Does each have any connection to exercise?

8) Since a person always needs oxygen, why would the bronchioles have the ability to contract at all? Why would the trachea not have that ability?

Which of the following statements concerning alveoli would be correct?SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!!

a.Pulmonary surfactant of the alveoli is secreted by Type II alveolar cells.

b.When intra-alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure expiration will occur.

c.The walls of the alveoli are very thin and are surrounded by a network of capillaries so that air and blood are separated by only a very thin respiratory membrane.

d.Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the lungs.e.The wall of the alveoli is composed primarily of simple squamous epithelium.

Approximately 50% of pregnancies in the United States are unintended. In thinking about embryology, why is this a significant public health concern?

What may account for differences in force production at higher velocities between the three subjects for both concentric and eccentric muscle contractions? What implications does this have for real life actions/movements?

How does chronic alcohol abuse impact the body's elimination process?

◦ What is special about the cells of the conducting system of the heart? List the elements of the conducting system and describe its purpose.

1. Describe the coverings of the heart and the layers of the heart wall. Which membrane is

both a covering and part of the heart wall?

2. What causes the first and second heart sounds?

what is acclimatization? if you moved from Madison at sea level to Santa Fe at 7000 feet above sea level, how would your kidneys react to the altitude change?

Premature babies may have IRDS how does this condition affect the infant respiratory system?