30. Newly matured T and B cells that have been released to the periphery are called “naïve”

What does that mean? (2pts)

31. What is the role of CD4+ T cells? What do they do? How do we know they’re important? (2pts)

32. There are many different subtypes of CD4+ T cells. What determines what subtype they will become? (2pts)

33. What is the role of CD8+ T cells? What do they do? (2pts)

34. What is the role of T regulatory cells? How do we know they’re important? (2pts)

35. How are memory T cells different from effector T cells? (2pts)

36. Briefly describe the stages of building a BCR. (2pts)

37. Why do B cells only have to go through negative selection? (2pts)

38. What is the difference between a B-1 B cell and a B-2 B cell? (2pts)

39. What is required during T-dependent B cell activation? (2pts)

40. What is required for T -independent activation to take place? (2pts)

41. What is somatic hypermutation? (2pts)

42. What is class-switch recombination? (2pts)

10. If a person expressed mutated genes or lost the enzymes used for rearrangement of heavy chain and light chain genes what might happen to that person? What cells would be affected? How would the person be affected as a whole? (2pts)

11. What is the purpose and function of MHC I and MHC II molecules? (2pts)

12. One of the characteristic features of the MHC receptors is the large number of different alleles at each gene locus encoding for the receptor.

a. Where are most of the polymorphic amino acid residues located in MHC molecules? What is the significance of this location? (2pts)

b. What are some of the mechanisms that result in the MHC polymorphism we see in individuals? (2pts)

13. What is the purpose of class I MHC molecules? What cells display these molecules? Where do the antigens they display come from? (3pts)

14. What is the purpose of class II MHC molecules? What cells display these molecules? Where do the antigens they display come from? (3pts)

15. What kind of proteins are considered class III MHC molecules? What role in immunity do they play? (2pts)

16. What are professional APCs? Name some examples of professional APCs. (2pts)

17. Give an example of a nonprofessional APC. When can these cells function in antigen presentation? (2pts)

18. A process called antigen cross-presentation happens in dendritic cells only. Explain what cross-presentation is (4pts)

19. Molecules of the CD1 family have been shown to present non-peptide antigens. What types of antigens do they present? (2pts)

Name two types of cancers that affect the male and the female reproductive systems. Research statistics on the chosen types to share their impact on society. Do you think researchers are close to a cure for cancer? Explain your response.

On the first day after arriving in Australia for Christmas vacation, a University of Niagara student plays out in the sun for six hours. Later that night he notices that the skin on his trunk, legs and arms becomes red, swollen and extremely painful. By morning all of the afflicted areas have developed numerous blisters. These areas cover about 30% of the trunk (front and back) and 40% of the arms and legs.

11. List all of the body functions that may be disrupted by such a burn.

12. After a few days the skin peels and the burned areas begin to heal. The student notices that the healing areas are more susceptible to injuries due to chafing or trauma. What has happened to the skin that would cause this increased susceptibility?

You are training for a spartan race and Ninja Warrior. You have rock climbed up two

medium sized mountains and now are on mile three of an uphill hike. Explain how your

organ systems, (muscle system is forcing your cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and

integumentary) have been working together, allowing you to continue hiking without

collapsing to remain in homeostasis. Be sure to discuss the physiology and the anatomy

in the tissues and organs of all systems.

1. Describe the functional events in the negative feedback control of low blood volume and low blood pressure by the renin – angiotensin – aldosterone (RAA) system. Include potential causes, and the cascade of enzymes, prohormones and hormones, along with their sources.
2. Describe the structure and basic functions of juxtamedullary nephrons.
3. Describe the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve and how hemoglobin dissociation increases with exercise. How does pH, temperature, the partial pressure of CO₂ and 2,3-DPG affect the dissociation curves?  

Dr. John Snow is best known for his work, which is coined “shoe leather epidemiology.” Provide a short summary of a modern-day epidemiologic surveillance activity.  

1. How is it similar and/or different from John Snow’s work?
2. Why is this important for public health?   

1. What information is gathered through this surveillance program? What kind of data, and who is collecting it?

Describe at least 3 basic defenses operating to prevent lower respiratory system infections

Trace a drop of blood from the frontal lobe to the left toe.

Lipid digestion and absorption is particularly challenging. Describe lipid digestion, absorption, and the mechanisms by which lipids are transported in the blood. Why are lipids so challenging to manage in digestion?

1)

a. What light-sensing structure is made up of ommatidia?

b. What structures transfer electrical signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells in the

vertebrate eye?

c. Blue light from a laptop screen enters a student’s eye. What is the correct order in which electrical

signals are sent to the student’s brain?

d. What step occurs third in for a photoreceptor converting a light stimulus into an electrical signal?

thank you in advance!

1. Which of the following statements is false?

a. The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell has a plateau.

b. The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell has three phases.

c. The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell has a gradual depolarization.

d. The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell returns to rest.

2. The electrical axis of the heart corresponds to:

a. The conduction of the heart

b. The cardiac contractile cell action potential

c. The cardiac nodal cell action potential

d. The orientation of the heart

A couple is having difficulty conceiving a baby. After various tests, it was found that the woman cannot ovulate. Describe endocrine alterations that could explain why she cannot ovulate. Ensure that you describe relevant tissues and feedback mechanisms in your answer.

What is negative feedback? How does a negative feedback loop regulate hormone release? Which of the unknown hormones here showed a negative feedback effect (ACTH, LH, Testosterone, TRH, Cortisol, TSH)? How do we know this?