Describe the differences between a ramp and a stage/step exercise test to exhaustion. What are the pros and cons for each??

This week take a single regular sheet of paper (or the tablet equivalent) and draw a line down the middle (length or width it doesn't matter).

On the left of the divide: Draw a picture of a lipid bilayer and somewhere in the bilayer draw a model for a protein transporter that can transport NEGATIVELY charged ions from HIGH concentration (top) to LOW concentration (bottom). Represent respective ion concentrations. Try to represent what kinds of functional groups you expect to see on the inside and outside of the protein.

On the right of the divide: Draw a picture of a lipid bilayer and somewhere in the bilayer draw a model for a protein transporter that can transport POSITIVELY charged ions from LOW concentration (top) to HIGH concentration (bottom). Represent respective ion concentrations. Try to represent what kinds of functional groups you expect to see on the inside and outside of the protein.

Next: Draw an ion trying to cross the membrane unassisted by the transporter - one for each side of the page.

Next: Below the drawing on the LEFT, draw a reaction coordinate diagram representing the movement of the ion from high to low concentration unassisted by the protein. On that same reaction coordinate diagram also draw a trace for the transport of the ion through the protein. Label both traces as "unassisted" and "catalyzed". Feel free to identify different ∆G values that are relevant to telling the story of the ion transport.

Next: Below the drawing on the RIGHT, draw a reaction coordinate diagram representing the movement of the ion from high to low concentration unassisted by the protein. On that same reaction coordinate diagram also draw a trace for the transport of the ion through the protein. Label both traces as "unassisted" and "catalyzed". Feel free to identify different ∆G values that are relevant to telling the story of the ion transport.

Use this as a study tool and try to figure out how many learning goals are incorporated in or relevant to this one drawing.

Take a picture of your drawing and submit it before the deadline.

By the time 14-year-old Jake got home from school he was sick enough for his mom to notice. He seemed shaky and confused. He was sweaty even though it was cool fall weather. “Jake let’s get you a glass of juice right away,” his mother said in a calm manner. She was very familiar with the symptoms. Jake was diagnosed with diabetes at age 6. His mother was very familiar with monitoring his insulin, eating, and exercise. Now that Jake was in middle school he was taking on more of his own monitoring, but he seemed to mess up often.

“Yeah, I know I shouldn’t have waited so long to eat,” Jake muttered once he was feeling better. “Mom, you just don’t understand. I don’t want to be different than the other kids!” Jake’s mom was on the phone with the school nurse before he could finish his sentence.

Jake needed to inject himself with insulin 3 times a day. He knew what would happen if his blood glucose got too high or if he didn’t eat regularly and it got too low. But when he was on a field trip he hated to go to the chaperone and say that he needed to eat something immediately. And he hated going to the nurse every day to do his injections. Even worse, if he didn’t report to the nurse between fourth and fifth period the nurse would come to the classroom to get him and pull him out of class.

Jake was tired of having this disease, sick of shots and angry that he could not sleep in or skip a meal like the other kids. He made a face as his mother was on the phone with the nurse and slammed the door on his way out to find his friend Joe.

1. What can Jake do to make his friends understand his condition?
2. Are there other treatment options for Jake?

By the time 14-year-old Jake got home from school he was sick enough for his mom to notice. He seemed shaky and confused. He was sweaty even though it was cool fall weather. “Jake let’s get you a glass of juice right away,” his mother said in a calm manner. She was very familiar with the symptoms. Jake was diagnosed with diabetes at age 6. His mother was very familiar with monitoring his insulin, eating, and exercise. Now that Jake was in middle school he was taking on more of his own monitoring, but he seemed to mess up often.

“Yeah, I know I shouldn’t have waited so long to eat,” Jake muttered once he was feeling better. “Mom, you just don’t understand. I don’t want to be different than the other kids!” Jake’s mom was on the phone with the school nurse before he could finish his sentence.

Jake needed to inject himself with insulin 3 times a day. He knew what would happen if his blood glucose got too high or if he didn’t eat regularly and it got too low. But when he was on a field trip he hated to go to the chaperone and say that he needed to eat something immediately. And he hated going to the nurse every day to do his injections. Even worse, if he didn’t report to the nurse between fourth and fifth period the nurse would come to the classroom to get him and pull him out of class.

Jake was tired of having this disease, sick of shots and angry that he could not sleep in or skip a meal like the other kids. He made a face as his mother was on the phone with the nurse and slammed the door on his way out to find his friend Joe.

1. Why do you think Jake is not more conscious and responsible for his self-care?
2. Do you think Jake’s classmates talk about him or does he just think that they do?

Both neurons and cardiac muscle cells have action potentials. Discuss at least two ways in which neural and cardiac action potentials, and the way they spread between cells, are different.Both neurons and cardiac muscle cells have action potentials. Discuss at least two ways in which neural and cardiac action potentials, and the way they spread between cells, are different.

1. Many different molecules need to pass in and out of a cell across the cell membrane and from the outside of the body to the inside. Some of these molecules are hydrophobic and some are hydrophilic. Define these two terms and explain why they differ in their ability to pass through cell membranes. What part of a cell membrane makes it so tricky for some molecules to get through? How do these two types of molecules pass through cell membranes?

Define the term ‘goitrogen’ and provide two mechanisms by which a goiter can be formed. List two consequences of hypothyroidism in an animal.

Question 21

An andrenergic ligand bonds to Beta 2 receptors on smooth muscle of bronchioles. Through the action of the intracellular second messenger cAMP protein kinase is activated which phosphorylates and inactivates MLCK. How does this impact bronchiole diameter?

P-MLCK can't phosphorylate myosin light chains in myosin heads, causing bronchodilation

P-MLCK will activate myosin heads to form crossbridges, resulting in bronchdilation

P-MLCK activates ATPase on myosin heads causing bronchoconstriction

Question 22

Which myofilament in smooth muscle makes up the Dark Bands in skeletal muscle?

Only actin

Myosin and overlapping actin

Only myosin

Question 23

About _________ percentage of energy (ATP) consumed by skeletal muscle is used by myosin ATPase on myosin heads for contraction.

30

50

99.9

70

Physiology

- Describe excitation-contraction coupling.

-Compare and contrast electrical synapses with chemical synapses, including advantages and disadvantages for each.

-Compare and contrast smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles

Thank YOU!

Please create an infographic of:

Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles

23.  The separate effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pacemaker region of the heart can best be described as _______.

a) synergistic    b) complementary   c) cooperative    d) antagonistic   e) none of these

24.  A decrease in body temperature is sensed by the ________ which communicates with the       ________ of the brainstem to __________ output to the sympathetic nervous system.

      a) cerebral cortex; pons; increase      b) hypothalamus; cardiac center; decrease

      c) thalamus; basal nuclei; increase      d) hypothalamus; vasomotor center; increase

      e) basal nuclei; pons;decrease

29. When Robin kicks a soccer ball, her leg makes contact with the ball by _______ of the knee.  This is an example of a/an __________ contraction of the quadriceps.

       a)  flexion; concentric         b)  flexion; eccentric      c)  extension; eccentric

       d) extension; concentric      e)  flexion; isometric     

31.  The relaxation phase of a muscle twitch contraction coincides with

      a) calcium pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

      b) repolarization of the action potential   

      c) potassium voltage gates opening

      d) two of the above  

      e) all of the above

32.  Key differences between fast and slow muscle fibers include:

1. fast fibers always produces less force than slow fibers of the same diameter
2. slow fibers have more mitochondria than fast
3. fast fibers generally fatigue more easily than slow
4. two of the above
5. all of the above

33.  Which of the following circumstances would cause a muscle fiber to produce lactic acid?

      a) activity which requires recruitment of oxidative (slow) motor units and fibers

      b) activity which requires recruitment of glycolytic (fast) motor units and fibers

      c) both activities would yield the same amount of lactate

      d) neither activity would yield any lactate

34.  The smallest amount of muscle tissue that can be activated to produce force would be

      a) a single motor unit       

      b) a single muscle fiber

      c) all muscle fibers activated at the lowest frequency of stimulation

      d) a whole muscle    

      e) none of the above

35. Which of these statements is correct regarding skeletal muscle contraction?

a)  all motor units are activated simultaneously.

b)  muscle contraction continues for long periods after nervous stimulation ceases.

c)  the crossbridges bind to the actin and shorten the sarcomeres.

d)  tropomyosin binds calcium so that troponin can expose G actin binding sites.

e)  all of the above are correct

How has this Covid 19 (corona virus) global pandemic impacted on our daily lifestyle, personality and health?

What happens as a result of Ca⁺⁺ ion flow at a presynaptic terminal? (draw it out..it may help)

a) synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

      b) acetylcholine is passively transported from the presynaptic neuron.

      c) acetylcholine is actively transported to the postsynaptic neuron.

      d) ligand-gated sodium channels open.

      e) sodium ions diffuse into the cell.

Which of the following statements is true?   Metabolic pathways  ____________.

a) occur in a controlled series of chemical reactions    b) are controlled by enzyme activity

c) only assemble molecules from atoms   d) all of the above are true   

e) only a and b are true

You react to an odor by vomiting.  This information was processed in the ________ of the            _________.

      a)   temporal lobe; cerebral cortex     b)  thalamus; cerebellum   

      c)   reticulo-spinal tract; nervous system   d)  frontal lobe; cerebellum      

      e)   none of the above

Your reaction to the above odor would _______.

      a)  be a reflex              b)  utilize both afferent and efferent pathways     

      c)  utilize both sensory and  motor  pathways      d)  two of the above     e)  all of the above

What is the receptor type used by the post ganglionic neuron of the para-sympathetic system        at the cardiac synapse?

  a) cholinergic; nicotinic   b) adrenergic; alpha    c) cholinergic; muscarinic   d) adrenergic; beta  

Your blood pressure suddenly decreases.  What nucleus or nuclei in the central nervous system provides the stimulus to speed the heart rate and restore pressure?

      a)  cardio-excitatory center   b) basal nuclei   c)  pons   d)  cerebellum  e)  none of the above

12. Produce a diagram indicating how capillary reabsorption takes place. Using your diagram, explain what would be the effect of protein accumulation in interstitial fluid due to inflammation.