Define hypertrophy. Explain what kind of cellular changes a hormone would have to make to cause hypertrophy of its target tissue/organ.

Write a concise but complete explanation of how the anatomical structure of the kidney enables it to produce concentrated urine.

If you contract just your right erector spinae muscles, what movement will occur?

How would you design your system to protect the girl's privacy?

47. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all be converted to and later enters . a. triglyceride // glycolysis b. carbon dioxide // fermentation c. pyruvate // the Krebs cycle d. fat // the electron transport chain    e. NADH // the Krebs cycle

49. There are two general metabolic states: absorptive and postabsorptive. All the following processes would occur in the postabsorptive state EXCEPT? a. gluconeogenesis b. glycogenesis c. lipolysis d. glycogenolysis e. glycolysis

Identify and describe the four paradigm shifts involving people with disabilities. What is responsible for the changes in paradigm shifts?

Karen walked into the crowded café and looked around the room until she spotted her friend, Ann. Ann had found a table for two towards the back of the room. She was bent over the university newspaper as Karen approached her. “Hey! Here’s my favorite newlywed,” proclaimed Karen. Ann looked up from the paper and nodded a hello. Karen stared at her friend, her eyebrow slightly raised. “I know you’ve been married for two months, and hence the honeymoon is over,” she smirked, “but come on, it can’t be bad yet,” Karen half stated, half asked. “We’re fine,” Ann mumbled softly. “Then why the long face?” asked Karen. “Having a hard time in one of your courses?” she suggested. “No,” sighed Ann. “I’m doing really well in my courses, and it’s nice to come home and be with John,” said Ann as she gazed at her wedding ring. “Sooo...?” asked Karen. Ann looked straight at Karen. Karen thought she could read confusion and panic in Ann’s strained face. “I’m late,” blurted out Ann. “Is there any way I could be pregnant?” “Well... you are married, to the man you love, birds and bees, that sort of thing... I guess that means you could be,” stated Karen. “When were you, umm, guys together?” asked Karen. “It’s called sex,” said Ann rolling her eyes. “Since when have you been shy around me? The thing is we’ve not had sex a lot this month. John went to a meeting, and we want to start taking precautions because we want to be married for a while and finish school before we start our family. So, in the last month we really only had sex once and that was, I think, in a ‘safe’ part of my cycle.” “Did you use some form of protection that one time?” asked Karen as she leaned closer to Ann. “Well, no,” replied Ann. “I told you, I thought it was safe. It was on day 16 of my cycle. So there is no way, right?” Karen looked at her friend. “What?” asked Ann. “You’re the biology major. You’ll tell me there is no way, right?” Karen pulled out a sheet of paper from her notebook. “I need to ask you a few questions,” Karen said. 1. If you were Karen, what questions would you ask? 2. Ask a friend who is not taking hormonal birth control how long is her menstrual cycle. Write it here and have it ready to share in class.

Hormonal: Male birth control pills are currently being developed. These pills work by manipulating male hormones and/or responses to hormones. Imagine you are a research scientist helping to develop a male birth control pill. Based on your understanding of how normal male reproductive hormones influence fertility, propose at least one mechanism by which a male birth control pill could work with minimal side effects:

Hormonal: Female birth control pills, patches, and some types of intrauterine devices (IUDs) work by manipulating female hormones and/or responses to hormones. Based on your understanding of how normal female reproductive hormones influence fertility, propose at least one mechanism by which these types of female birth control could work with minimal side effects:

As PCO2 of the blood decreases, what happens to the urine H+ concentration as kidneys compensate for this change? (increase, decrease, or no change

Explain what the kidneys are doing that makes the H+ concentration change in this manner, and how this change acts as a compensation to the decreasing PCO2.

As PCO2 of the blood decreases, what happens to the urine HCO3- concentration?

Explain what the kidneys are doing that makes the HCO3- concentration change in this manner, and how this change acts as a compensation to the decreasing PCO2.

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE a decrease in [H+] DIRECTLY (without causing a change in PCO2 first).

What would such a condition be called?
Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE an increase in [H+] DIRECTLY (without causing a change in PCO2 first).

What would such a condition be called?

If the root cause of the H+ concentration changes is an abnormality of the kidneys, how might the respiratory system respond to:

a. an increasing H+ concentration.

b. a decrease in H+ concentration.

A 26 year old athlete is in the laboratory for a sports examination. He is training for a marathon and appears to be in good health overall. A screening midstream catch urinalysis is performed . Results revealed the following:

Microscopic Examination:

Squamous epithelial cells: Rare

Red blood cells (RBCs): 0-2/hpf

White blood cells (WBCs): 0-2/hpf
Bacteria: None seen
Hyaline casts: 0-1 /lpf

Crystals: None seen

Questions:

1. If you are the Medical Lab Technologist how do you inform/instruct the patient the proper way of collecting Midstream Catch urine sample?

2. In observing for the appearance or clarity/transparency of urine what is the most important procedure before you describe the appearance?

3. What is the importance or significance of determining the following tests:

1. specific gravity of urine
2. leukocyte esterase
3. ketones

4. What is the possible cause of his bright yellow urine?

5. Is the presence of hyaline cast significant ?   Yes or No.    Support your answer.

6. If hemoglobin is present in the urine , how can you differentiate it from myoglobin? ?

7. What are the causes of false negative Nitrite tests?

8. What are the possible changes in chemical analytes that may occur when the athlete’s urine is not preserved after having stood at room temperature for 6 hours? ( List all changes)

Digestive tract and digestive enzyme mapping:

For both example's one and two and three:

Example 1: C-ILE-LEU-VAL-ASP-GLU-CYS-TRP-GLY-LYS-PHE-ARG-N

Example 2: C-CYS-TYR-ILE-GLN-ASN-CYS-PRO-LEU-GLY-N

Example 3: C-CYS-LYS-GLU-ASP-TRP-ASP-GLY-LYS-PRO-PHE-SER-ALA-N

1. take the amino acid chain in both examples and determine what digestive enzyme would be used as the protein becomes catabolized throughout the digestive tract

2. list the enzymes that will react with each amino in the protein chain

3. be sure to state where in the digestive system each phase of protein enzymatic gestation is happening.

4. putting the sequence of protein enzymatic digestion in order of movement of the protein through the digestive tract would be best for comprehension.

Identify two other systems that are closely related to the respiratory system. You should describe the anatomical relationship, as well as the functional relationship between your two chosen systems and the respiratory system

Explain (in your own words) how gas exchange occurs in both internal and external respiration.

Identify the primary differences in the way that oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported within the blood.

1.  What are the two main circuits of the cardiovascular system? For each circuit identify the general structures found within the circuit and the status of the blood found throughout that circuit.

2.  For the condition of hypotension, identify 2 possible causes and the predicted effect on cardiac output. How would the body respond to this condition? Be sure to explain your answer in the context of a homeostatic feedback loop, and to identify if reactions are local or reflex control.

3.  For the condition of hypertension, identify 2 possible causes and the predicted effect on cardiac output. How would the body respond to this condition? Be sure to explain your answer in the context of a homeostatic feedback loop, and to identify if reactions are local or reflex control.

4.  What is the role of blood volume in the long term regulation of arterial pressure?

5. In the case of rapid blood loss, do you expect that heart rate to increase or decrease? Why?