◦ Describe the different types of blood vessels (including two types of arteries and three types of capillaries.

◦ Describe the chambers of the heart and any special structures found in each chamber (e.g. papillary muscles, auricles, pectinate muscles, valves)

1) what chemically breaks proteins down into large polypeptides?

pepsinogen

protease

bile

pepsin

2) which of the following is involved in converting pepsinogen to pepsin?

hydrocholric acid

renin

pancreatic protease

salvary amylase

A and B

A,B and C

3) what does amylase do to maltose?

emulsifies it into sugars

mixes it with proteases

converts it into starch

hydrolyzes it into glucose

4) what is expected to happen when amylase is temperatures of 60 or above?

will decrease

be the same

will increase

will not change

5) what is the primary source for the bulk of the lipase used in the gastrointestinal tract?

liver

pancreas

stomach gallblader

6) what are building blocks of lipids?

sugars and starches

triglycerides and nucleotides

nucleotides and amino aicds

fatty acids and monoglycerides

1. Given that a patient is a carrier of a genetic disease, why must this patient always be heterozygous and can never be homozygous?

2. Color blindness in a male is inherited only from his mother, but color blindness in a female is inherited from both of her parents. Explain.

3. Describe nondisjunction and identify why it is so genetically significant.

4. Identify three (3) genetic disorders caused by nondisjunction. Explain why.

5. Identify any one (1) genetic disorder not caused by nondisjunction. Explain why.

6). Given that Phenylketonuria (PKU) is inherited as a recessive trait. What is the chance for two heterozygous parents to have a phenylalanine-sensitive child? Explain.

7). Given a mating between a non-hemophiliac male & a heterozygous female what is the probability for a hemophiliac female child? Explain.

8). Given a mating between an albino male & a carrier female, what is the probability for a child who is a carrier for albinism? Explain.

9). Given that brown eyes are dominant, what is the probability for two heterozygous parents to have a blue-eyed child? Explain.

10). If a karyotype is to be constructed for a patient, would a cell in metaphase of the cell cycle be more useful than a cell in interphase of the cell cycle? Explain why.

11). Describe the procedural differences between mitosis & meiosis and why mitosis & meiosis are genetically important.

12). Describe some reasonable theories for the different functions of hair located in these diverse body regions:

- Eyebrows

- Eyelashes

- Scalp

13). How do merocrine & apocrine sweat glands differ in their structure and in their function? Explain.

14). It is important for the epidermis to be effective at screening UV radiation, but not to be too effective. Explain.

15). Your patient asks you which cell type in the skin is the most important cell and why? How would you reply? Explain.

16). Describe the stages of intramembranous ossification and name at least one (1) bone that is formed using this process.

17). Describe the stages of endochondral ossification and name at least one (1) bone that is formed using this process.

18). What effect does the hormone calcitonin have on blood calcium levels & how does it produce this effect? Explain.

19). What effect does parathyroid hormone have on blood calcium levels & how does it produce this effect? Explain.

20). How is vitamin D synthesized and what effect does vitamin D have on blood calcium concentrations? Explain.

- Nostrils

- Axilla

Neoplasm is diagnosed as grade I on a scale of I to IV. Clinically, some of the patients with this neoplasm are found to have stage I disease. Which of the following is the best interpretation of a neoplasm with these designations?
A Unlikely to be malignant
B Arising from epithelium
C May spread via lymphatics and bloodstream
D Has an in situ component
E Well-differentiated

• 3. A 23-year-old woman presents to her GP with menorrhagia. The GP requests a coagulation screen and the results of this are shown below:
• The prolonged PT and APTT correct in a 50:50 mix with normal plasma.

1. What questions might you ask this lady that would be of relevance?

2. How would you proceed with the investigation of this patient?

A 45-year-old man presents with an extensive above knee DVT extending into the iliac veins. He is otherwise well with no past medical history of note.

His pre-anticoagulation screen shows:

• 1. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Factor XII:C <1 IU/dl.

• Do you think the FXII deficiency is clinically important?

If you elect to treat this patient with unfractionated heparin how would you monitor this?

Explain how non-specific stress results in cortisol production including the various organs and hormones involved. If a person experiences long-term stress what changes might you expect in their blood glucose levels and blood pressure related to cortisol increases.

What is a hormone? How a hormone works in our body?

please type the answers

thanks

Think of a definable action you perform in your daily life that requires more than one direction to complete the task. An example would be swinging and releasing a bowling ball (do not use this example).

a) Identify the primary joints involved.

b) Separate the action into at least 5 steps/stages (the direction of movement could be useful to categorize the steps).

c) Within each step/stage, identify the muscles that contribute to the respective motion at each joint.

describe the stroke volume and the factors that affect it during rest and during exercise

I have to write about dopamine

- I should talk about its synthesis- (physiologic mechanisms and drugs or foods affecting them);

- storage in vesicles (physiology-like the name of the pump for storage and drugs, toxins or foods that interferes with it);

-its release-physiology and drugs or toxins that interfere;

-the termination of effect in the synapse (physiology-like enzymatic breakage or re-uptake

-about the drugs that affect the process -and its receptors of these neurotransmitters and drugs acting on these receptors -

refer them as agonists and antagonists for relevant receptors).

I still have 4 more, I will post the questions individually

no need for figures if everything I asked for is explained.

You are using a microtome but are having trouble cutting the tissue into sections. Which troubleshooting strategy/strategies would you choose?