1) What are the major lymphatic organs/vessels?

2) Briefly describe how you would have performed the heart dissection as if you were to do it in class. What are the major structures you can see?

In a qualification test for the swimming world finals, the following data is recorded for a swimmer. In resting condition: heart rate (HR) of 60 beats / min, a stroke volume (VS) of 85 mL / min. During maximum effort in a test race on a slope: HR of 170 beats / min and a VS of 135 mL / beats. This swimmer weighs 68 kg and measures 178 cm.
a) Calculate cardiac output (CO)
b) Calculate the body surface area according to the Dubois-Dubois equation
c) Calculate the cardiac index for the swimmer
d) This athlete has been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD, and in her case the sympathetic nervous system is very active. Briefly explain how this influences the Starling effect and stroke volume.

After the high school group finishes their tour, Dr. Wayne sees two patients. Jeff Slater is a biochemist working for a biowarefare lab at the CDC. He is currently working on a project to develop a new neurotoxin and is using sarin as a model substance. Suddenly while working the lab alarms go off and Jeff accidentally knocks a vial of sarin over and a bit of the liquid splashes onto his arm between his gloves and lab coat. He suddenly starts to feel dizzy, his heart starts pounding harder than ever, and he has shortness of breath. He feels incredibly sluggish and tries to get to the exit. As he approaches the lab door, his muscles cramp up and he falls down and hits his head, knocking him unconscious. His colleague from across the hall happens to see him fall and calls for help. Jeff is given oxygen and taken to the nearby hospital, which happens to have a neuromuscular specialist. The sounding of the alarm turns out to have been just routine testing of a new system.

1. Dr. Wayne looks over the results and finds that the acetylcholinesterase activity is lower than normal. The normal range is 100% and Jeff's range is 44%. Dr. Wayne knows from Jeff ’s colleague that he is a bioweapons biochemist. Dr. Wayne figures out that Jeff has been working on synthesizing a new sarin-like biochemical weapon and suspects Jeff has a type of poisoning that is similar to that of sarin. What is the mechanism of action of sarin or a sarin-like chemical? How would exposure to a sarin-like poison affect the amount of sodium going into the muscle cell? What needs to happen to Jeff's post-synaptic membrane to remedy his paralysis. Physiologically what do we need more of and where?

Q1Which muscle(s) is involved in forced exhalation.??
Q2True or False: Air will flow into the lungs when the intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
questions3 As a general rule, vital capacity with. height and .with age.
.Q4 Which period of pulmonary ventilation is a passive process?

Name and explain the two hormones used for water and salt balance.

What are the stress hormones? How do they act? Specifically, how does stress affect growth and development?

1. What is an acrosomal reaction after egg and sperm first contact? What molecular interaction activates the acrosomal reaction? What is the purpose of acrosomal reaction?

2. What proteins on sperm tether the sperm to egg vitelline envelope? What would the consequence if this protein loses its specificity? (20 points)

3. What is polyspermy? What is the consequence of polyspermy?

4. What is the mechanism for fast block to polyspermy? What would be the influence on fertilization if the sodium concentration in the environment where fertilization occurs is too low?

1) What are the accessory structures of the eye?

2) List the structures that are in each layer of the intrinsic eye.

3) List the pathway for vision.

Describe the impact that the exercise pressor reflex and autoregulation have on cardiac output and skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise.

Case Study 1

Sample A is from a 35 year old male who visited his GP complaining of chest pain during exercise. An ECG taken at rest was normal but ischaemic changes developed on exercise. A family history revealed that his father died of a heart attack at the age of 45 years. The laboratory test results for his fasting blood sample were as follows:

Analyte                       Patient values                        Reference range for fasting

     blood sample

Sodium                                    139                              135-145 mmol/L

Potassium                                4.1                               3.0-5.0 mmol/L

Total protein                           69                                65-80 g/L

Albumin                                  35                                35-47 g/L

Calcium                                  9.3                               9.0-10.5 mg/dl

Lactate dehydrogenase           250                              90-190 IU/L

Creatine kinase                       129                              30-60 IU/L

Asparatate transaminase         70                                < 40 IU/L

Gamma glutamyl transferase 30                                < 50 IU/L

Total Bilirubin                        13                                0.4-15 μmol/L

Glucose                                   12                                3.5-5.5 mmol/L

Fructosamine                          351                              205-285 μmol/L

Cholesterol                             

            Total                            7.2                               <5.2mmol/L

            HDL                            1.4                               >1.5 mmol/L

            LDL                            ?                                  <3.5 mmol/L

Triglycerides                           2.95                             <1.7mmol/L

On the gradient gel electrophoresis, plasma sample for this patient showed the presence of small dense LDL particle.

1. Calculate and comment on the LDL cholesterol values. What does the presence of small dense LDL mean?
2. How many cardiovascular risk factors does this patient have?
3. Discuss the type of hyperlipidaemia this patient is likely to have.
4. What further tests and dietary/drug treatments would you recommend for this patient?

Describe the process of the folding of the neural plate to form the neural tube. 500 words max. Anatomy

2. Jolene wakes suddenly to her alarm clock and realizes that she is late for her 9:15am CBIO2210 class. She jumps to her feet, feels dizzy and lightheaded for a moment, then hops into the shower. Draw a diagram / flowchart / picture of the sequence of events that occurred when she jumped up that overcame her dizzy feeling and prevented her from losing consciousness. Include the receptors, the control center, at least one effector site, information traveling between receptors / control center / effectors, and the response.

During exercise, the cardiopulmonary system plays a role in acid-base balance by _.

A increasing the ph of blood by hypoventilation

B lowrering ph of blood by hypervetialting

C removing H+ from blood by using bicarbonate system

D aisinf kidney in removal of lactic acid

D