describe the total lung capacity columes

Human Physiology

Describe the effect aldosterone and ANP have on sodium levels in the blood.

- which type of abnormal lipoprote in Familial hypertriglyceridemia.

- whats the processes lead to Hypertriglyceridemia

- Compare the metabolic pathway of that lipoprotein in both normal and patient with Familial hypertriglyceridemia . use a figures

- whats difference between Familial hypertriglyceridemia disease & Familial mixed hyperlipedemia

- Fibrates used as modulator for fat metabolism, explain the mechanism of action

Brenda, a 74-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic fever while in her twenties, presented to her physician with complaints of increasing shortness of breath ("dyspnea") upon exertion. She also noted that the typical swelling she's had in her ankles for years has started to get worse over the past two months, making it especially difficult to get her shoes on toward the end of the day. In the past week, she's had a decreased appetite, some nausea and vomiting, and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.On physical examination, Brenda's jugular veins were noticeably distended. Auscultation of the heart revealed a low-pitched, rumbling systolic murmur, heard best over the left upper sternal border. In addition, she had an extra, "S3" heart sound. A chest X-ray reveals a normal cardiac silhouette that is normal in diameter, but her physical examination reveals hepatomegaly and ascites, as well as pitting edema in her ankles. She is advised to wear support stockings and given a prescription for digoxin. Two weeks later she returns to the office for a follow-up visit; upon physical examination, she still has significant hepatomegaly and pitting edema, and is significantly hypertensive (i.e. she has high blood pressure). Her physician prescribes a diuretic called furosemide (or "Lasix").

1. What is the general diagnosis for Brenda’s condition? What would the diagnosis be if there were pulmonary edema instead of systemic edema?

2. Why is Brenda started on digoxin? How does it work? State your answers in terms of chronotropism and inotropism, the Na+/K+ ATPase, cytoplasmic Ca++ concentrations, and the proteins in a cardiomyocyte’s sarcomere.

3. What happened to Brenda in the two weeks before her follow-up visit? In other words, how did her body begin to compensate for decreased stroke volume? Utilize cardiac output, sympathetic nervous system, vasoconstriction to “less vital” organs (including the kidney) the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (R-A-A) axis, Angiotensin II, ADH, pre-load and after-load, the Frank-Starling law, and the actions of digoxin.

4. Why was she given Lasix medication, and how does it work?

Emma, a 74-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic fever while in her twenties, presented to her physician with complaints of increasing shortness of breath ("dyspnea") upon exertion. She also noted that the typical swelling she's had in her ankles for years has started to get worse over the past two months, making it especially difficult to get her shoes on toward the end of the day. In the past week, she's had a decreased appetite, some nausea and vomiting, and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.On physical examination, Emma's jugular veins were noticeably distended. Auscultation of the heart revealed a low-pitched, rumbling systolic murmur, heard best over the left upper sternal border. In addition, she had an extra, "S3" heart sound. A chest X-ray reveals a normal cardiac silhouette that is normal in diameter, but her physical examination reveals hepatomegaly and ascites, as well as pitting edema in her ankles. She is advised to wear support stockings and given a prescription for digoxin. Two weeks later she returns to the office for a follow-up visit; upon physical examination, she still has significant hepatomegaly and pitting edema, and is significantly hypertensive (i.e. she has high blood pressure). Her physician prescribes a diuretic called furosemide (or "Lasix").

1. What is meant by the terms “hepatomegaly” and “ascites” and why are they happening? Why are her jugular veins distended? Be specific in terms of blood pressure and Starling forces.

2. What is pitting edema and what is causing it?

3. Why is she advised to wear support stockings? If she had atherosclerosis or blockage of a femoral artery, would this be an advisable diagnosis? Why or why not?

4. Is the stress being placed on Emma's heart pre-load or after-load and why?

determine if it is TRUE or FALSE. If you determine it to be a FALSE statement,change it to be a TRUE statement.

A. TRUE or FALSE: It was a hot July day and you are dehydrated; you notice that your urine production decreases. One of the reasons for this is because filtration decreases as a result of the decrease in glomerular plasma osmotic pressure.

B. TRUE or FALSE: After leaving the right atrium, blood then passes through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle, then through the bicuspid valve and into the pulmonary trunk before leaving the heart and going to the lungs to pick up oxygen through two pulmonary veins.

C. TRUE or FALSE: Our T and B lymphocytes are critically important to our immunity because T cells produce antibodies and B helper cells start the specific defense cascade by sensitizing cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells.

D. TRUE or FALSE: A patient, Kurt, who has recovered from COVID-19 is asked to donate plasma. The hope is that someone currently suffering from COVID-19 can borrow Kurt’s antibodies to the virus to be cured. This is an example of passive immunity.

E. TRUE or FALSE: Many scientists are working around the clock to develop a vaccine against COVID-19. This vaccine, once given, would cause our immune system to react against the virus and develop memory cells. This is also an example of passive immunity.

F. TRUE or FALSE: You have just eaten a cheeseburger. All of the nutrients are mechanically digested in the oral cavity, esophagus, and stomach. The starches are chemically digested in the oral cavity and small intestines. The proteins are chemically digested in the oral cavity, stomach and small intestines. The fats are chemically digested in the small intestines.

What is the response to hypotonic hydration (overhydration)? Specify hormone(s) involved, the stimulus for secretion, where they are secreted from and the specific actions of the hormone(s). (3 pts)

Angela’s Story: A Case Study on the Reproductive System

You are a columnist for a popular website that deals with women's health issues. Visitors to the site can submit their stories and questions through an “Ask the Expert” link on the site. In this scenario, a 26-year-old woman has posted her story and some questions regarding reproductive health.

My name is Angela. I am a 26-year-old married woman with no children. My husband, Doug, and I have been trying to get pregnant for over two years now and my doctor has suggested that I consider fertility drug treatments. The irony of our situation is that I have been taking a birth control pill for five years to prevent getting pregnant, and now my doctor suggests that I take another drug to help me get pregnant.

When I went off birth control, about a year ago, my menstrual cycle became very irregular. I had been taking a birth control drug called Ortho Tri-Cyclen. To be perfectly honest, I don't understand how it works because my periods were more regular when I was on the pill than when I went off of it. My doctor told me that the pill works because it tricks your body into thinking that it is pregnant. That just confused me even more.

When I looked back on my decision to take birth control pills, I realized that I did not really understand how they work. I just do not want to make that mistake again. Before I consider taking any more drugs, I want to understand more about how they work. The drug we’re looking into is called Clomid. I asked my doctor a bunch of questions, but I still feel confused. I looked up some stuff online when I got home. Here is some information that I learned from a website about how Ortho Tri-Cyclen works:

Estrogen and progestin work in combination to suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary- gonadal (HPG) axis. This suppression leads to a decrease in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. Maturation of the dominant follicle is inhibited under the decreasing levels of FSH and LH. Hormonal contraceptive use also leads to an increase in the viscosity of the cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm penetration and movement through the cervical canal.

I am hoping that you would be able to help me understand how these drugs actually work.

Short Answer Questions:

1. In my research, I found that the levels of “gonadotropins” in the body are critical to understanding how the drugs Clomid and Ortho Tri-Cyclen work. What are gonadotropins? What role do they play in fertility?

2. Some of the references talk about how “negative feedback” is involved in understanding how these drugs work. Can you explain what is meant by negative feedback?

3. My doctor told me that birth control pills contain small amounts of estrogen and progesterone, and these hormones prevent me from ovulating. I don’t understand how giving me these hormones in a pill would prevent me from ovulating. I assume that it has something to do with the levels of the gonadotropins that I asked about earlier. Can you explain this to me?

4. In the information about Ortho Tri-Cyclen, it mentions that the hormones in the pill make cervical mucus thicker and stickier. Does this happen during my natural cycle? How are estrogen and progesterone involved in this process?

5. My doctor also explained that birth control pills “trick the body into thinking it is pregnant.” She explained that women do not normally ovulate when they are pregnant. Can you explain to me why a pregnant woman does not ovulate? How is this related to how the birth control pill works?

6. My doctor explained that Clomid works by “tricking the brain into thinking that estrogen levels in the body are low.” She explained that this is what leads to the extra stimulation of the ovaries to encourage eggs to be released. One of the references for Clomid said this happens because there is less negative feedback. Can you explain to me how this “trick” and the decreased negative feedback are related? Why would these factors lead to the stimulation of the ovaries?

7. My doctor told me that if I take Clomid, I would be taking it on days five through nine of my normal menstrual cycle. She explained that this is when it will have the greatest chance of stimulating the ovaries. What is going on during this part of the menstrual cycle that makes it the best time to take this drug?

8. I read an article that mentioned that women on Clomid may be more likely to get pregnant with twins, triplets, or more! The article said that normally there is a dominant follicle that releases a single egg, but Clomid can potentially make lots of follicles release an egg in a given month. How does Clomid do that?

please answer these questions in detail. Thank you!

Why do we care about the study of Sem-5 gene acting in sex myoblast cell Migration in C elegans?

A 56-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and alcoholism presents after having eaten no food and taken no insulin for the last 3 days. He reports drinking “lots” of alcohol. The patient presents with low blood pressure, abnormally high resting heart rate, and an abnormally elevated rate of ventilation (36 breaths/minute). He smells strongly of acetone and is dehydrated. Clinical findings are consistent with left lower lobe pneumonia. Results of ABG testing are: PO2 = 68 mm Hg, PCO2 = 17 mm Hg, HCO3- = 6 mEq/L, and pH = 7.30.

1. What is the acid-base disturbance?
2. Is he attempting to compensate? Explain your answer.
3. What would his acid-base profile be if his respiratory rate were 14 breaths/minute?

Jillian is a 55 lb., 6-year-old female who fell into a fresh water lake while duck hunting with her father. Jillian was unaccounted for 15-20 minutes until her body was found floating face down in the water. She was immediately pulled out and basic life support was started. Upon arrival at the hospital, his ABG results were as follows: pH = 6.90; PO2 = 49 mmHg; PCO2 = 54 mmHg; and HCO3- = 24 mEq/L.

1. What is Jillian’s acid-base disturbance?

2. What is the specific cause of his acid-base disturbance? Explain your answer.

What steps are taken by the pig in digesting lipids to allow hydrophobic lipids to be digested in the aqueous luminal environment?

Please briefly discuss each of these topics

1. Describe the filtration membrane, its three parts and their characteristics.

2. Describe the pressures that promote and oppose glomerular filtration.

3. What is GFR? Discuss the three mechanisms that regulate /influence glomerular filtration rate.

4. Discuss tubular reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. What is the importance of sodium reabsorption as far as reabsorption of other solutes is concerned?

5. What are the substances that are secreted during the process of tubular secretion?

1. ADH regulation of fluid volume and osmolarity of body fluids. What other hormones influence fluid regulation?

2.The carbonic acid – bicarbonate buffer systems role in maintaining pH.

3.The role of the respiratory system in maintaining pH by by exhaling carbon dioxide.

4. How the kidney maintains pH by the excretion of H+, and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions, (taking into account the different parts of nephron where this occurs).

5. Compare and contrast the various types of respiratory and metabolic acid- base imbalances.