I have to write about acetylcholine

- I should talk about its synthesis- (physiologic mechanisms and drugs or foods affecting them);

- storage in vesicles (physiology-like the name of the pump for storage and drugs, toxins or foods that interferes with it);

-its release-physiology and drugs or toxins that interfere;

-the termination of effect in the synapse (physiology-like enzymatic breakage or re-uptake

-about the drugs that affect the process  

-and its receptors of these neurotransmitters and drugs acting on these receptors -refer them as agonists and antagonists for relevant receptors).

I still have 5 more, I will post the questions individually

5) Describe what happens to tubular fluid as it passes through the proximal convoluted tubule of a juxtamedullary nephron. .

Describe the process of long bone growth. Explain the importance of the epiphyseal plates.

1.The first stage in human development, ____________________, takes place in the uterine tube when sperm cells encounter a secondary oocyte.

2. The single cell that results when a sperm and an ovum unite is called a _______________

3.Inherited traits determined by genes specifically located in the sex chromosomes are called __________________________ traits.

4.Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands, that initiate a change in a target cell are called ____________________

5.The hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary gland, that stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk is ________________________

6.The hormone, made by the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary, that stimulates ejection of milk and contraction of the uterus is __________________

7. The hormone, made by the pancreas, that increases the uptake of glucose into cells, thus lowering the level of glucose in the blood, is ___________________

Discuss 3 consequences of poor sanitation (lack of adequate toilet facilities) in low-income countries. Include examples in your answer.

1.During renal autoregulation, the myogenic feedback system functions to:(Choose the best answer)

a) regulate renin secretion to impact blood pressure

b) increase glomerular filtration rate by dilating the efferent arteriole

c) regulate CHP and BCOP in relation to GBHP

d) alter glomerular filtration rate by altering the diameter of the afferent arteriole

e) decrease glomerular filtration rate by constricting the efferent arteriole

2.All are true of the kidneys except:(Choose the best answer)

a. They are located behind the peritoneum, thus retroperitoneally.

b. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left b/c it sits under the liver

c. They are surrounded and and held in place by connective tissue and fat.

d. They produce some regulatory hormones in addition to creating urine.

e. They receive blood from the hepatic portal system and hepatic artery.

3.. _______________ favors filtration and is therefore directly proportional to glomerular filtration rate (GFR).(Choose the best answer)

a. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)

b. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

c. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

d. Systolic blood pressure

e. Diastolic blood pressure

4.. Nephrons with long loops and corpuscles deep in the cortex, which are most important in regulating water balance are:(Choose the best answer)

a. juxtaglomerular nephrons

b. cortical nephrons

c. corticotropic nephrons

d. juxtamedullary nephrons

e. Bowman's nephrons

5.Pressure which opposes glomerular filtration and results from fluid present in the capsule space of the tubule; amounts to about 18 mmHg.(Choose the best answer)

a. Systolic capsular pressure (SCP)

b. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

c. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

d. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)

e. Hydrostatic intracapsular pressure (HIP)

1. What recommendations would you make to individuals with the following BMIs:

   1. BMI is less than 18.5

   2. BMI is 18.5 to 25

   3. BMI is greater than 30

30. Newly matured T and B cells that have been released to the periphery are called “naïve”

What does that mean? (2pts)

31. What is the role of CD4+ T cells? What do they do? How do we know they’re important? (2pts)

32. There are many different subtypes of CD4+ T cells. What determines what subtype they will become? (2pts)

33. What is the role of CD8+ T cells? What do they do? (2pts)

34. What is the role of T regulatory cells? How do we know they’re important? (2pts)

35. How are memory T cells different from effector T cells? (2pts)

36. Briefly describe the stages of building a BCR. (2pts)

37. Why do B cells only have to go through negative selection? (2pts)

38. What is the difference between a B-1 B cell and a B-2 B cell? (2pts)

39. What is required during T-dependent B cell activation? (2pts)

40. What is required for T -independent activation to take place? (2pts)

41. What is somatic hypermutation? (2pts)

42. What is class-switch recombination? (2pts)

10. If a person expressed mutated genes or lost the enzymes used for rearrangement of heavy chain and light chain genes what might happen to that person? What cells would be affected? How would the person be affected as a whole? (2pts)

11. What is the purpose and function of MHC I and MHC II molecules? (2pts)

12. One of the characteristic features of the MHC receptors is the large number of different alleles at each gene locus encoding for the receptor.

a. Where are most of the polymorphic amino acid residues located in MHC molecules? What is the significance of this location? (2pts)

b. What are some of the mechanisms that result in the MHC polymorphism we see in individuals? (2pts)

13. What is the purpose of class I MHC molecules? What cells display these molecules? Where do the antigens they display come from? (3pts)

14. What is the purpose of class II MHC molecules? What cells display these molecules? Where do the antigens they display come from? (3pts)

15. What kind of proteins are considered class III MHC molecules? What role in immunity do they play? (2pts)

16. What are professional APCs? Name some examples of professional APCs. (2pts)

17. Give an example of a nonprofessional APC. When can these cells function in antigen presentation? (2pts)

18. A process called antigen cross-presentation happens in dendritic cells only. Explain what cross-presentation is (4pts)

19. Molecules of the CD1 family have been shown to present non-peptide antigens. What types of antigens do they present? (2pts)

Name two types of cancers that affect the male and the female reproductive systems. Research statistics on the chosen types to share their impact on society. Do you think researchers are close to a cure for cancer? Explain your response.

On the first day after arriving in Australia for Christmas vacation, a University of Niagara student plays out in the sun for six hours. Later that night he notices that the skin on his trunk, legs and arms becomes red, swollen and extremely painful. By morning all of the afflicted areas have developed numerous blisters. These areas cover about 30% of the trunk (front and back) and 40% of the arms and legs.

11. List all of the body functions that may be disrupted by such a burn.

12. After a few days the skin peels and the burned areas begin to heal. The student notices that the healing areas are more susceptible to injuries due to chafing or trauma. What has happened to the skin that would cause this increased susceptibility?

You are training for a spartan race and Ninja Warrior. You have rock climbed up two

medium sized mountains and now are on mile three of an uphill hike. Explain how your

organ systems, (muscle system is forcing your cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and

integumentary) have been working together, allowing you to continue hiking without

collapsing to remain in homeostasis. Be sure to discuss the physiology and the anatomy

in the tissues and organs of all systems.