Physiology

- Describe excitation-contraction coupling.

-Compare and contrast electrical synapses with chemical synapses, including advantages and disadvantages for each.

-Compare and contrast smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles

Thank YOU!

Please create an infographic of:

Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles

23.  The separate effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pacemaker region of the heart can best be described as _______.

a) synergistic    b) complementary   c) cooperative    d) antagonistic   e) none of these

24.  A decrease in body temperature is sensed by the ________ which communicates with the       ________ of the brainstem to __________ output to the sympathetic nervous system.

      a) cerebral cortex; pons; increase      b) hypothalamus; cardiac center; decrease

      c) thalamus; basal nuclei; increase      d) hypothalamus; vasomotor center; increase

      e) basal nuclei; pons;decrease

29. When Robin kicks a soccer ball, her leg makes contact with the ball by _______ of the knee.  This is an example of a/an __________ contraction of the quadriceps.

       a)  flexion; concentric         b)  flexion; eccentric      c)  extension; eccentric

       d) extension; concentric      e)  flexion; isometric     

31.  The relaxation phase of a muscle twitch contraction coincides with

      a) calcium pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

      b) repolarization of the action potential   

      c) potassium voltage gates opening

      d) two of the above  

      e) all of the above

32.  Key differences between fast and slow muscle fibers include:

1. fast fibers always produces less force than slow fibers of the same diameter
2. slow fibers have more mitochondria than fast
3. fast fibers generally fatigue more easily than slow
4. two of the above
5. all of the above

33.  Which of the following circumstances would cause a muscle fiber to produce lactic acid?

      a) activity which requires recruitment of oxidative (slow) motor units and fibers

      b) activity which requires recruitment of glycolytic (fast) motor units and fibers

      c) both activities would yield the same amount of lactate

      d) neither activity would yield any lactate

34.  The smallest amount of muscle tissue that can be activated to produce force would be

      a) a single motor unit       

      b) a single muscle fiber

      c) all muscle fibers activated at the lowest frequency of stimulation

      d) a whole muscle    

      e) none of the above

35. Which of these statements is correct regarding skeletal muscle contraction?

a)  all motor units are activated simultaneously.

b)  muscle contraction continues for long periods after nervous stimulation ceases.

c)  the crossbridges bind to the actin and shorten the sarcomeres.

d)  tropomyosin binds calcium so that troponin can expose G actin binding sites.

e)  all of the above are correct

How has this Covid 19 (corona virus) global pandemic impacted on our daily lifestyle, personality and health?

What happens as a result of Ca⁺⁺ ion flow at a presynaptic terminal? (draw it out..it may help)

a) synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

      b) acetylcholine is passively transported from the presynaptic neuron.

      c) acetylcholine is actively transported to the postsynaptic neuron.

      d) ligand-gated sodium channels open.

      e) sodium ions diffuse into the cell.

Which of the following statements is true?   Metabolic pathways  ____________.

a) occur in a controlled series of chemical reactions    b) are controlled by enzyme activity

c) only assemble molecules from atoms   d) all of the above are true   

e) only a and b are true

You react to an odor by vomiting.  This information was processed in the ________ of the            _________.

      a)   temporal lobe; cerebral cortex     b)  thalamus; cerebellum   

      c)   reticulo-spinal tract; nervous system   d)  frontal lobe; cerebellum      

      e)   none of the above

Your reaction to the above odor would _______.

      a)  be a reflex              b)  utilize both afferent and efferent pathways     

      c)  utilize both sensory and  motor  pathways      d)  two of the above     e)  all of the above

What is the receptor type used by the post ganglionic neuron of the para-sympathetic system        at the cardiac synapse?

  a) cholinergic; nicotinic   b) adrenergic; alpha    c) cholinergic; muscarinic   d) adrenergic; beta  

Your blood pressure suddenly decreases.  What nucleus or nuclei in the central nervous system provides the stimulus to speed the heart rate and restore pressure?

      a)  cardio-excitatory center   b) basal nuclei   c)  pons   d)  cerebellum  e)  none of the above

12. Produce a diagram indicating how capillary reabsorption takes place. Using your diagram, explain what would be the effect of protein accumulation in interstitial fluid due to inflammation.

Explain how renin/angiotensin/aldosterone regulate arteriolar resistance and blood pressure. How can ACE inhibitors reduce hypertension?

Q) Proponents of Intelligent Design assert that some complex traits are irreducibly complex. What would those proponents have to prove in order to support their assertion?

They need to prove that the evolving trait ...   

A) could not have evolved from a simpler one with the same function.   

B) could not have evolved from a more complex one.   

c) did not undergo a functional shift.   

d) All of the Above

2. The participant was measuring his VO2max on a typical running machine. His weight is 64.7kg. Peak measures are: VO2max(67ml/kg/min). And the highest VO2 is 4.3L/min. Calculate the subject’s absolute and relative O2max scores

How is Thyroxin or T3 produced? Is T3 capable of diffusing across the plasma membrane? Produce a diagram explaining the mechanism of action of T3 at a cellular level.

4) Explain why a first-time exposure to an allergen may produce only a mild reaction?

Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported and released at the lungs and tissues.

What are the differences in the different types of AV blocks?