Understand how renal handling of a solute can be determined by calculating clearance for that solute and comparing clearance to GFR

Diabetes come with many chronic complications, such as heart, eyes, and kidney complications. If patients manage their diabetes properly can they prevent those complications? Is it that simple? WHY?

Which of the following correctly summarizes how a sensory signal is transmitted from a touch receptor in the skin to the brain for processing?

Group of answer choices

1. sensory receptor --> afferent neuron --> dorsal root of spinal nerve --> dorsal horn of spinal cord --> descending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

2. sensory receptor --> efferent neuron --> ventral root of spinal nerve --> ventral horn of spinal cord --> descending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

3. sensory receptor --> efferent neuron --> ventral root of spinal nerve --> dorsal horn of spinal cord --> ascending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

4. sensory receptor --> afferent neuron --> dorsal root of spinal nerve --> dorsal horn of spinal cord --> ascending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

sensory receptor --> afferent neuron --> dorsal root of spinal nerve --> lateral horn of spinal cord --> ascending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

Fetal Pig

Arteries of lower trunk

-WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES THAT THE RENAL ARTERIES ARE SUPPLYING BLOOD TO?

-ARE THE DEEP ARTERY OF THE THIGH AND THE FEMORAL ARTERY IN THE PIG SIMILAR OR DIFFERENT TO THOSE IN YOU LEG?

-ARE THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES CARRYING BLOOD FROM FETUS TO PLACENTA, OR FROM PLACENTA TO FETUS?
-BASED ON YOUR ANSWER ABOVE, IS THE BLOOD IN THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES OXYGEN-RICH OR OXYGEN POOR?
-FINALLY, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES AFTER BIRTH?

Veins of the lower trunk

-WHAT CHAMBER OF THE HEART DOES THE VENA CAVA DELIVER BLOOD TO?

-HOW MANY HEPATIC VEINS CAN YOU SEE ENTERING THE VENA CAVA?

-WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLOOD (OXYGEN AND NUTRIENT CONTENT) IN THE UMBILICAL VEIN?

Nervous System

-WHY ARE THESE ENLARGEMENTS PRESENT ALONG THE SPINAL COLUMN?

-WHAT DOES ‘CAUDA EQUINA’ MEAN...AND WHY IS IT APPROPRIATE NAME FOR THESE NEURONS?

1. Emphysema is a disease that damages alveoli. Describe how this disease would affect a persons ability to breathe. Then explain how emphysema would affect the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

2. Often when a person is trying to become healthier, they will look for food labeled “fat free” or “low fat”. However, taken to an extreme, a low-fat diet could hinder some body functions. Describes the functions of lipids and how a complete lack of lipids in the diet could affect body functions.

If a post-ganglionic neuron releases a chemical that binds to a muscarinic receptor, this neuron belongs to the _________ nervous system.

a) sympathetic     b) parasympathetic    c) sensory    d) somatic     e) all of the above

Which of the following require “active” transport processes?

1. movement of glucose from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
2. osmosis    c) simple diffusion       d) a and b         e) none of the above

Describe the different mechanism of pH maintenance at the cellular and blood level.

1. Why is it important to calculate your resting HR?

2. How do you TRULY get your resting HR?

3. Which activities produced the lowest Heart Rates? Why do you think this is the case?
4. What effect did walking have on your pulse rate?
5. What effect did resting after running have on your pulse rate?
6. What other factors besides exercise might influence your pulse rate? Give examples.
7. To burn the most FAT, which part of your THRZ do you want to train, lower or higher? Why?
8. The burn the most calories, what do you need to do to your HR? Why?

9. What happens to your RHR over time if you have a regular workout program? Why?

10. What happens to your THRZ over time if you have a

regular workout program? Why?

With a relevant example, describe and illustrate the organisation of neuroendocrine control, and explain its significance.

You are coaching a little league team and are playing a double-header on a very hot day. One of your players, a very curious 13 year old girl wonders why Gatorade advertises the presence of electrolytes in their beverages as beneficial to athletes. How would you explain to your player that electrolyte and water balance in the body are dependent upon each other? Be sure to let her know how we acquire water and electrolytes, their importance within the body, and how we regulate that balance in varying conditions.

Recently scientist proposed that “exercise pills”. Explain why this possible or why we can’t mimic exercise in pill. Explain the effects of exercise in different systems.

You were the top student in your physiology class last semester. For this reason, your professor has asked that you prepare some lectures for her physiology class this semester. Specifically, she would like you to discuss the similarities and differences between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, in terms of pressure gradients and fluid flow. A. Explain how you will describe the role of the following structures: the pump and the tubes. B. Explain how you will describe the importance of an open vs. closed system and the relevant differences between liquids and gases. C. What is fundamentally different about the respiratory pump compared to the cardiac pump, and why does this difference exist?

Explain the neural, renal, and hormonal regulation of blood pressure.