You generate a transgenic mouse that produces 10% of the normal levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the motor neurons. You perform physiological tests and find that the muscle contraction strength seems normal when you initially start the test. However, after repeated tests (e.g. running the mouse on a wheel), the rate of “muscle fatigue” seems to be higher in the mutant mice. Explain your observation in terms of what might be happening at the neuromuscular junction.

1. Which of the following pressures must always be lower than the others in order to ensure proper lung ventilation?

• Atmospheric
• Intrapleural
• Alveolar
• Intrapulmonary

2. When blood leaves tissues that are more metabolically active than when at rest, the saturation of the hemoglobin would be:

• Exactly 75%
• 100%
• 0%
• Less than 75%

3. Hemoglobin can carry both oxygen and carbon dioxide because ---------------------

• When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the oxygen molecule is chemically altered, making it possible for carbon dioxide to bind to the oxygen molecule.
• They bind to different sites on the hemoglobin molecule.
• Both oxygen and carbon dioxide can bind to the same site on hemoglobin at the same time.
• Actually, they can’t both be carried at the same time on hemoglobin because they compete for the same binding site.

4. Which of the following is NOT likely to increase in activity in red blood cells as they travel through pulmonary capillaries in the lungs:

• Proton (H⁺) release from hemoglobin
• Carbon dioxide binding to amino acids of hemoglobin
• Bicarbonate ion movement into the cell
• Carbonic acid conversion to carbon dioxide and water

Understand how renal handling of a solute can be determined by calculating clearance for that solute and comparing clearance to GFR

Diabetes come with many chronic complications, such as heart, eyes, and kidney complications. If patients manage their diabetes properly can they prevent those complications? Is it that simple? WHY?

Which of the following correctly summarizes how a sensory signal is transmitted from a touch receptor in the skin to the brain for processing?

Group of answer choices

1. sensory receptor --> afferent neuron --> dorsal root of spinal nerve --> dorsal horn of spinal cord --> descending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

2. sensory receptor --> efferent neuron --> ventral root of spinal nerve --> ventral horn of spinal cord --> descending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

3. sensory receptor --> efferent neuron --> ventral root of spinal nerve --> dorsal horn of spinal cord --> ascending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

4. sensory receptor --> afferent neuron --> dorsal root of spinal nerve --> dorsal horn of spinal cord --> ascending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

sensory receptor --> afferent neuron --> dorsal root of spinal nerve --> lateral horn of spinal cord --> ascending tract --> brainstem --> cerebrum

Fetal Pig

Arteries of lower trunk

-WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES THAT THE RENAL ARTERIES ARE SUPPLYING BLOOD TO?

-ARE THE DEEP ARTERY OF THE THIGH AND THE FEMORAL ARTERY IN THE PIG SIMILAR OR DIFFERENT TO THOSE IN YOU LEG?

-ARE THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES CARRYING BLOOD FROM FETUS TO PLACENTA, OR FROM PLACENTA TO FETUS?
-BASED ON YOUR ANSWER ABOVE, IS THE BLOOD IN THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES OXYGEN-RICH OR OXYGEN POOR?
-FINALLY, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES AFTER BIRTH?

Veins of the lower trunk

-WHAT CHAMBER OF THE HEART DOES THE VENA CAVA DELIVER BLOOD TO?

-HOW MANY HEPATIC VEINS CAN YOU SEE ENTERING THE VENA CAVA?

-WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLOOD (OXYGEN AND NUTRIENT CONTENT) IN THE UMBILICAL VEIN?

Nervous System

-WHY ARE THESE ENLARGEMENTS PRESENT ALONG THE SPINAL COLUMN?

-WHAT DOES ‘CAUDA EQUINA’ MEAN...AND WHY IS IT APPROPRIATE NAME FOR THESE NEURONS?

1. Emphysema is a disease that damages alveoli. Describe how this disease would affect a persons ability to breathe. Then explain how emphysema would affect the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

2. Often when a person is trying to become healthier, they will look for food labeled “fat free” or “low fat”. However, taken to an extreme, a low-fat diet could hinder some body functions. Describes the functions of lipids and how a complete lack of lipids in the diet could affect body functions.

If a post-ganglionic neuron releases a chemical that binds to a muscarinic receptor, this neuron belongs to the _________ nervous system.

a) sympathetic     b) parasympathetic    c) sensory    d) somatic     e) all of the above

Which of the following require “active” transport processes?

1. movement of glucose from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
2. osmosis    c) simple diffusion       d) a and b         e) none of the above

Describe the different mechanism of pH maintenance at the cellular and blood level.

1. Why is it important to calculate your resting HR?

2. How do you TRULY get your resting HR?

3. Which activities produced the lowest Heart Rates? Why do you think this is the case?
4. What effect did walking have on your pulse rate?
5. What effect did resting after running have on your pulse rate?
6. What other factors besides exercise might influence your pulse rate? Give examples.
7. To burn the most FAT, which part of your THRZ do you want to train, lower or higher? Why?
8. The burn the most calories, what do you need to do to your HR? Why?

9. What happens to your RHR over time if you have a regular workout program? Why?

10. What happens to your THRZ over time if you have a

regular workout program? Why?

With a relevant example, describe and illustrate the organisation of neuroendocrine control, and explain its significance.

You are coaching a little league team and are playing a double-header on a very hot day. One of your players, a very curious 13 year old girl wonders why Gatorade advertises the presence of electrolytes in their beverages as beneficial to athletes. How would you explain to your player that electrolyte and water balance in the body are dependent upon each other? Be sure to let her know how we acquire water and electrolytes, their importance within the body, and how we regulate that balance in varying conditions.