1. The testicles are kept cooler than normal body temperature. Name the structures that are involved
with this & describe how they accomplish this.
2. What organs are considered to be secondarily retroperitoneal?

1. Trace the passage of an egg from the surface of the ovary through the female reproductive tract & its
exit from the body.
2. Trace the passage of sperm from the testis through the male reproductive tract & their exit from the
body.

Consider the axon hillock of a prototypical neuron at rest.

1) detail the open/closed states of the two relevant voltage-gated ion channels while cell is at rest.

The membrane potential reaches threshold.

2) explain what will happen regarding Na+ at this point.

3) state what will happen to the membrane potential at this point.

Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified according to the predominant type of metabolism that the fiber relies on to produce energy needed for muscle contraction. List the 3 metabolic systems that skeletal muscle fibers rely on to produce energy for immediate use, short-term use, and longer-term use:

GLUT2 transporters are continuously present in high concentration in the membranes of which one below ?

Pancreatic beta cells

Pancreatic alpha cells

Muscle cells

Adipose cells

Hepatic cells

Why would maintaining high levels of progesterone prevent ovulation.

Explain how the ovum prevents polyspermy.

what creates the energy driving force for the tubular reabsorption of water soluble substances like glucose and amino acids

the na/k atpase at the apical membrane
the na symporters at the apical membrane
the na symporters at the basolateral membrane
the na/k atpase at the basolateral membrane

1H Part 1 How do the kidneys assist the body in maintaining homeostasis in terms of fluid levels and hydration?

1H Part 2 How do the kidneys assist the body in maintaining homeostasis in terms of its blood pH level?

1H Part 3 How do the kidneys assist the body in maintaining homeostasis in terms of the body’s ion and electrolyte balance?

1H Part 4 How do the kidneys assist the body in maintaining homeostasis in terms of blood pressure?

1H Part 5 What substances do the kidney’s filter and what is the name of the bi-product they create in doing so?

1H Part 6 What part/s of the urinary system is responsible for carrying the bi-product (created by the kidney in filtering other substances) to the urinary bladder?

1H Part 7 What part of the urinary system is responsible for carrying the bi-product (created by the kidney in filtering other substances) from the urinary bladder to the opening where it can be eliminated from the body?

In which direction will CO2 flow if the PCO2 in the alveoli were normal and PCO2 in the venous blood entering the lungs were 30 mmHg?

a) CO2 will diffuse out of the pulmonary capillaries, and into the alveoli.

b) CO2 will diffuse out of the alveoli, and into the pulmonary capillaries.

c) No net diffusion of CO2 will occur because the partial pressures of CO2 within the tissues and systemic capillaries are at equilibrium. d) It cannot be determined without knowing the partial pressures of O2 and H2O, within the tissue and systemic capillaries as well.

A student takes a normal breath in. He then inhales as deeply as possible until he cannot inhale anymore. The amount of air that he breathed in after the normal breath is his ____________.

a) inspiratory capacity.

b) inspiratory reserve volume.

c) tidal volume.

d) vital capacity.

What would you expect to happen to the lungs if intrapleural pressure were the same as atmospheric pressure?

a) The lungs would collapse.

b) The lungs would expand.

c) The lungs would maintain their normal volume.

4) Which of the following is NOT involved in creating a pressure gradient during breathing? (1.5 pts)

a) Changes in the volume of the alveoli

b) Changes in the volume of the conducting system

c) Changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity

d) Movement of the diaphragm

e) Movement of the rib cage