Define and discuss the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients. Also, discuss their importance in the body at rest and during exercise.

Briefly describe the path of food through the digestive system and explain each organ’s role in the digestive process. Research two digestive dysfunctions that can occur and discuss how each of them could impact a person’s health.

How does COVID-19 compare with SARS and MERS?

Discuss the limitations of BMI. Discuss when it would be most appropriate to use BMI and describe instances when another more formal technique should be utilized and why?

Physiological class. In measurement. How and why might the Weight/height ratio be more valuable than BMI?

EXERCISE 13.4

An 18-year-old student donated for the first time at a blood drive at his high school.

1. Concerned that he may have contracted HIV before the donation, what instructions should he follow to prevent his unit from being transfused?
2. Why are questions regarding HIV important even when tests are performed to detect the virus?

EXERCISE 14.5

Previous testing on a donor’s computer record indicates CMV antibody–negative. The most recent donation demonstrates that antibodies are currently present.

1. Can the donor still donate?

2. Why has the CMV antibody test result changed?

3. What patients require the transfusion of CMV-reduced-risk blood products?

4. What alternatives exist in the provision of CMV antibody–negative blood?

The production of a GnRH/LH surge in response to high levels of estradiol is sexually differentiated in most mammals, i.e. in males castrated to remove negative feedback from endogenous testosterone, treatment with a dose of estradiol that is known to elicit a GnRH and LH surge in ovariectomized females does not produce a GnRH or LH surge. Differentiation of the surge response is due to the effects of gonadal steroids acting on the developing brain.

Based on your understanding of prenatal secretion of steroids, speculate what happens in males vs. females that results in the presence or absence of a GnRH/LH surge response. Suggest two prenatal treatments that might be used to test the validity of your explanation – one that disrupts the LH surge in females, and one that yields a functional surge response in males. In other words, what substance could be administered to a pregnant female that might produce female offspring in which high levels of estradiol do not produce a GnRH/LH surge, and what substance could be administered that might produce male offspring in which high levels of estradiol do produce a GnRH/LH surge?

4. Explain the body’s response to this change in osmolarity including which hormone was altered and how this led to an increase urine flow rate?

EXERCISE 13.3 A 15-year-old girl would like to donate blood for her relative. She weighs 108 lb. Her temperature and hemoglobin are within acceptable limits. 1. Is she an eligible directed donor? 2. If she were donating for herself for a planned surgery, could she donate? 3. What are some of the issues surrounding directed donations? EXERCISE 13.4 An 18-year-old student donated for the first time at a blood drive at his high school. 1. Concerned that he may have contracted HIV before the donation, what instructions should he follow to prevent his unit from being transfused? 2. Why are questions regarding HIV important even when tests are performed to detect the virus? EXERCISE 14.5 Previous testing on a donor’s computer record indicates CMV antibody–negative. The most recent donation demonstrates that antibodies are currently present. 1. Can the donor still donate? 2. Why has the CMV antibody test result changed? 3. What patients require the transfusion of CMV-reduced-risk blood products? 4. What alternatives exist in the provision of CMV antibody–negative blood?

The effects of testosterone include choose one?

a. A decrease in basal metabolic rate. b. Skin thins and becomes drier. c. Bone density increases. d. Hair growth slows down. e. All of the above choices are correct.

Which of the following events occurs during meiosis II?

Select one: a. Production of 4 genetically distinct daughter cells b. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes c. Production of 2 haploid daughter cells d. Production of 4 identical, diploid daughter cells e. DNA replication

The female mammary glands:

Select one:

a. are modified sweat glands.

b. may contain large amounts of adipose tissue.

c. are attached to the pectoralis major muscle by suspensory ligaments.

d. contain alveoli that pass milk into lactiferous ducts.

e. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following have begun to develop in a 5 week-old embryo?

Select one:

a. A backbone (with a tail, for now).

b. Limb buds

c. Brain

d. Eye

e. All of the above are correct.

Which hormone rises immediately after fertilization and is thus used to identify pregnancy on urine testing strips?

Select one:

a. Estrogen

b. Luteneizing hormone

c. Follicle stimulating hormone

d. Human chorionic gonadotropin

e. Progesterone

The male urethra is capable of transporting urine and semen, just not simultaneously.

Select one:

True

False

Erection of the male genetalia occurs due to parasympathetic control of the arterioles.

Select one:

True

False

When a sperm fertilizes an ovum, this typically occurs in the cervix.

Select one:

True

False

Primary oocytes are formed before birth.

Select one:

True

False

During the third trimester of pregnancy, most estrogen and progesterone is being produced by the placenta.

Select one:

True

False

The ectoderm germ layer in an embryo gives rise to the digestive and respiratory systems.

Select one:

True

False

The placenta forms 6-7 days after ovulation.

Select one:

True

False

If the sperm cell contains a Y chromosome, then the resulting embryo will develop testes.

Select one:

True

False

You generate a transgenic mouse that produces 10% of the normal levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the motor neurons. You perform physiological tests and find that the muscle contraction strength seems normal when you initially start the test. However, after repeated tests (e.g. running the mouse on a wheel), the rate of “muscle fatigue” seems to be higher in the mutant mice. Explain your observation in terms of what might be happening at the neuromuscular junction.

1. Which of the following pressures must always be lower than the others in order to ensure proper lung ventilation?

• Atmospheric
• Intrapleural
• Alveolar
• Intrapulmonary

2. When blood leaves tissues that are more metabolically active than when at rest, the saturation of the hemoglobin would be:

• Exactly 75%
• 100%
• 0%
• Less than 75%

3. Hemoglobin can carry both oxygen and carbon dioxide because ---------------------

• When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the oxygen molecule is chemically altered, making it possible for carbon dioxide to bind to the oxygen molecule.
• They bind to different sites on the hemoglobin molecule.
• Both oxygen and carbon dioxide can bind to the same site on hemoglobin at the same time.
• Actually, they can’t both be carried at the same time on hemoglobin because they compete for the same binding site.

4. Which of the following is NOT likely to increase in activity in red blood cells as they travel through pulmonary capillaries in the lungs:

• Proton (H⁺) release from hemoglobin
• Carbon dioxide binding to amino acids of hemoglobin
• Bicarbonate ion movement into the cell
• Carbonic acid conversion to carbon dioxide and water