1. Which of the following is NOT expected after a glucose rich meal consumed by a type I diabetic?

beta cells do not respond

insulin sensitivity remains approximately normal

increased glucagon secretion

insulin levels are low

2. Which of the following would NOT lower blood pressure?

ADH

an alpha receptor antagonist

a beta receptor antagonist

an drug that inhibits the synthesis of angiotensin II

3. Which of the following is true of hormones secreted from the neural (posterior) lobe of the pituitary gland?

their secretion is controlled by hormones from the hypophyseal portal vein

they are secreted in response to intermediate lobe hormones

they are secreted by hypothalamic neurons

their secretion is controled by hypothalamic hormones

4. Which of the respiratory chemoreceptors responds to decreasing oxygen levels the most slowly?

oxygen

CO2

1. Levels of which of the following hormones would be expected to rise if one needed more energy in order to run up some stairs?

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Somatostatin

growth hormone

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC

2. The first heart sound occurs at which of the following moments?

the end of isovolumetric contraction

the end of isovolumetric relaxation

the end of ventricular systole WRONG

the end of ventricular diastole

3.Which of the following occurs during the ejection stage of the cardiac cycle? ASK CHEGGS

blood is pumped from the left atrium past the bicuspid valve

blood is pumped from the right ventricle past the aortic semilunar valve

blood is pumped from the left ventricle past that aoritic semilunar valve

blood is pumped from the right atrium past the bicuspid valve

4. Which of the following will cause more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin at the tissues?

low blood temperature

high concentration of hyrogen ions

high oxygen concentration

low carbon dioxide concentration

26) A. At many synapses in the hippocampus, long‑term potentiation depends on the             activation of NMDA receptors which have affinities for and respond to __________:             

a. GABA.

b. glutamate.

c. dopamine.

d. norepinephrine.

e. nitric oxide.

B. Based on imaging research of the brain, the region known as DLPFC (dorsolateral    prefrontal cortex) is associated with __________:

            a. verbal tasks.

            b. executive control.

            c. spatial tasks.

            d. all of the above.

            e. none of the above.   

C. Tricyclic antidepressants, and some herbal remedies such as St. John's Wort, might share a    common mechanism, probably involving __________:

            a. blocking the release of glutamate and GABA.

            b. preventing the Presynaptic cell from reabsorbing monoamine neurotransmitters.

            c. directly stimulating catecholamine receptors in the post synaptic membrane.

            d. increasing the rate of synthesis of acetylcholine and ADP, and GDP. glutamate.

1) Outline the any two neural adaptations a muscle undergoes to gain strength in the absence of muscle hypertrophy. (5 points)

2) Describe the role satellite cells play in hypertrophy of skeletal muscles in response to muscle injury. (5 points)

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse?

It stimulates the post-synaptic neuron.

It breaks down acetylcholine.

It releases calcium ions.

All apply.

If a person cannot void his or her bladder voluntarily, a urinary catheter can be used to pass the urine. Unfortunately this may have consequences that impact the homeostatic condition, such as urinary tract infections. What are the internal passages through which a catheter must pass to reach the bladder, and how can they be impacted?

Which of the following is a type of cardiovascular disease?

-diabetes

-hypertension

-coronary artery disease

-all of the above

Which of the following daily dietary choices would be most effective in lowering blood pressure?

-Reducing table salt use, drinking more water, and eliminating trans fat

-Adding peanut butter to at least one meal, trimming visible fat from all meat, and adding fruit as a dessert

-Eating salad for lunch, choosing decaffeinated instead of caffeinated coffee, and avoiding sweets

-Consuming 3 servings of low fat dairy, eating 10 servings of fruits and vegetables, and restricting sodium to 2 g/day

Reducing dietary cholesterol reduces blood LDL cholesterol levels.

-true

-false

A patient increases soluble fiber consumption and asks you to assess if there has been a reduction in his cardiovascular risk by conducting a blood test. Which blood test would most likely reveal an effect of soluble fiber?

-Assessment of blood clotting (INR)

-Hemoglobin A1C

-Fasting glucose

-Lipoprotein concentrations

Jack had been working on his gas furnace all afternoon. He finally thought that he fixed the old, dilapidated furnace. It was going to get really cold that evening so he wanted to make sure that the furnace would keep them warm all night.

Jack went to bed at 11:00 p.m. as usual but he noticed that he had a slight headache before going to bed. He just thought that he needed to sleep. His wife and kids also had complained of having a headache that evening.

Jack woke up at 4:00 a.m. feeling extremely nauseous and his head was pounding. He got out of bed to go get some aspirin. When he got up, he stumbled about, feeling as if he was going to pass out. He nudged his wife to see if she would get him some aspirin. She didn’t move. He called out her name and nudged her again. She still didn’t move.

In a panic, he grabbed the phone and dialed 911. The operator answered and Jack yelled, “It’s my wife, she won’t get up!”

The operator replied, “Sir, what is your address?”   There was no response.   “Sir?!?”

The emergency personnel arrived at the scene. Upon entering the house, they found 4 individuals unconscious in 3 different bedrooms. They were still breathing but barely.

As the emergency personnel were assessing the situation, they themselves started to feel nauseous and felt as if they were going to pass out. They moved quickly and made sure that everyone was out of the house.

As soon as everyone was out of the house, the emergency personnel started to feel better again.   Jack and his family were given oxygen on their way to the hospital. At the hospital they did a battery of tests and everything looked fine except for their COHb levels which were 30%.

1. What was wrong with Jack and his family?

2. What are normal COHb levels?

3. What treatment should Jack and his family be given?

4. What may be the cause of their high COHb levels?

5. Why does high COHb levels cause the symptoms that Jack and his family experienced?

Describe how all tissues are comprised of living cells and extracellular matrix

1. You have eaten a meal. The meal went into the digestive tract and was broken down into sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids. You absorbed the nutrients into the blood stream. The nutrients are absorbed from the part of the digestive tract with this function and then transported to the right little finger.

Once in the right little finger, the nutrients enter the cell. Due to cellular respiration (breakdown of fuel for energy), the metabolites of water and carbon dioxide are produced. The carbon dioxide will be exhaled, while the water will be excreted as urine.

List the pathways for

1. The nutrients in the blood to get to the left little finger.
2. The carbon dioxide to get from the left little finger to exhalation.
3. The water molecule to get from the left little finger until it is excreted as urine.

Describe the three routes of anatomical connectivity of the prefrontal lobes to the rest of the brain?