What is the resting potential? What are the charges inside and outside of the neuron? Which ions are found in and outside of the neuron? When the neuron is at a resting potential, is it polarized, depolarized, repolarized

1. Which defect would have a more crippling effect on the immune system, a complete loss of calnexin function or a complete loss of CD4 function. Justify your answer and include the normal function of each molecule?

Describe gas exchange in the human body from inspiration (breathing in) to expiration (breathing out). How does oxygen and carbon dioxide travel throughout the body? Provide specific details of how, where, and why these gasses travel. Your details should also include the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and muscle tissues. Use concepts learned in class and key terms to ensure you have a detailed response.

Provide a diagnosis for the following cases. Make sure you say why you chose that diagnosis by noting the specific behaviors described in the case.

The Case of Matthew Boudreaux               Matthew, a 25-year-old single man, was admitted to a large metropolitan hospital’s mental health service. He was not verbal and offered no chief complaint on admission. Matt’s older cousin, Lonny Pasquale, brought him to the hospital and offered that “Matt is going crazy again. He probably needs to go back to the state hospital. He’s been in an out of that hospital several times in the past 3 or 4 years. They give him medicine, but I’m sure he doesn’t take it when he leaves the hospital.”Lonny described his cousin. “Matt always talked funny, even when he was 10 or 12 years old. He heard and saw things that nobody else did and frequently insisted he had special powers no one else had.” There is no evidence that Matt had ever been gainfully employed, and Lonny said nothing about any type of friendships that Matt had.Lonny practically had to carry Matt into the hospital—Matt would only walk on the outside arches of his feet, and he refused to be moved. The psychiatrist’s notes describe Matt’s appearance as that of a slightly built, disheveled young man who paid no attention to his current surroundings. During their initial meeting, he sat with his eyes shut tight, did not look up when spoken to, and did not answer questions directed to him. Matt refused to participate in a conversation with the psychiatrist and did not answer questions. Although it appeared that Matt understood things happening around him, he did not interact with anyone. He sporadically introduced phrases he had apparently heard before into his speech, and he accomplished this without opening his eyes or looking up. His speech was affected so that he sounded like a babbling child—he often spoke with a lisp or stammer, and occasionally burst forth with a fragment of a song. Matt made many facial grimaces and performed various other kinds of seemingly senseless physical movements. For example, he crossed his legs rigidly so that they were “assembled” in odd positions while his hands were in constant motion on top of his head.

What are the steps of the electron transport chain transport protons to the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?

Leptin is a hormone that signals an organism to suppress appetite. Leptin is released from fat cells in white adipose tissue and binds to receptors on cells in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls appetite.

  a) Identify the way that leptin produced by fat cells of adipose tissue in the abdomen can send a signal to the neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus.

what stimulates insulin release: choose all that apply

a) activation of GLUT-2

b) deplorization of pancreatic beta cells triggered by high ATP

c) glucose inhibition of the mitochondria

d) inhibition of the hyperpolarization of the beta cells by K+

explain why you choose the options and why you do not choose the others

1. Explain why the A band does not change length during muscle contraction but the I band and H-zone do change length.

2. Describe the cause of muscle strength gains early (1^st 8 weeks) in a resistance training program and the cause of muscle strength gains later (after 8 weeks) in a resistance training program.

3. Explain what myonuclear domain is and what myonuclear domain threshold is.

4. Explain why it is important for myosin heads within a myosin protein to undergo asynchronous cross-bridge cycling.

5. List two primary differences between skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells.

Balan and Davis (1993) have outlined four steps to use when employing ecological task analysis (both as a method of assessment and a method of instruction). Please identify and then briefly outline each of these steps.

5. An athlete complains about medial ankle pain. On observation you notice increased pes planus on the injured side.

1. What effect does pes planus have on the biomechanics of the foot and ankle during gait?

2. What 3 injuries might this predispose the athlete to suffer and why?

3. You assess the athlete as having tibialis posterior tendinitis. How would you modify your ankle tape job to support this injury?

4. A baseball player approaches you to discuss their medial elbow pain.

1. List 6 anatomical similarities or differences between the knee and elbow to better help the athlete understand the elbow biomechanics.

2. What signs/symptoms would you expect to see if the athlete was presenting with medial epicondylitis?

3. What elbow ligament might the athlete have injured and why is this common among overhead throwing athletes?  

iv. What special test would you perform to confirm ligament injury and what end feel would you expect if there is a complete rupture?

You are covering a soccer game when while heading a ball an athlete falls grabbing the back of their lower leg. You are concerned they may have strained their calf.

1. What would the athlete complain of (symptoms) and what would you observe (signs) if they had suffered a 2nd degree strain?

2. What are some predisposing factors that may have put the athlete at risk for this injury?

3. For a 2nd degree strain, what positive tests would you expect to find during each of your active, passive, and resisted testing?

4. You advise the athlete not to play, based on your assessment, and informed the coach of your decision. The coach demands that the player plays the second half of the game and the athlete suffers additional injury. What type of negligence is present and why?