1.

3.

3.

4.Antiviral agents such as Zovirax, Famvir, and Valtrex are used to treat BLANK

A.gonorrhea

B.syphilis

C.genital herpes

5. A 32-year-old female presents herself to her gynecologist office. She reports that she is having painful menstrual cycles over the past few months. She stated that at first, she shrugged it off, but the pain was unlike any other periods she has ever experienced. Through a series of open questioning, the patient further elaborated on her other complaints. The patient mentioned she had experienced more bleeding than usual and that intercourse close to the time frame of her cycles was painful.

The physician noted in the patient’s history that the patient has not given birth. The patient had her first menstruation at an early age.

Based on the brief information given, the physician has a hunch that the condition the patient is experiencing is BLANK

A.atrophic vaginitis

B.pelvic inflammatory disease

D.endometriosis

What 2 antagonistic hormones in the hypothalamus regulate growth hormone secretion?

Hypo-volemic shock, a sudden loss of a large volume of blood, can cause arterial blood pressure to drop significantly, which can compromise blood flow. However, if the loss of blood is not too great, say less than 20% or so, the circulatory system usually responds almost immediately in two ways to restore adequate blood flow. Based upon your understanding of the circulatory system, and control of blood pressure explain what quick cardiovascular adjustments are made to restore flow. Be sure to explain how each adjustment works

1. Matured ______________ are the most numerous cells and do not have a nucleus.
   1. erythrocytes
   2. leukocytes
   3. platelets

2. Three types of formed elements found in blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and ______________.
   1. WBC
   2. RBC
   3. Platelets

3. ____________ drain tissues and return blood to the heart.
   1. Arteries
   2. Veins
   3. Valves

4. Located in the lower limb, the ____________ is the longest vein in the body.
   1. external iliac
   2. internal iliac
   3. great saphenous

5. The function of the _____________ is to drain the digestive viscera and carry dissolved nutrients to the liver for processing.
   1. fetal circulation
   2. hepatic portal circulation
   3. pulmonary circulation system

6. The __________ veins drain the liver.
   1. renal
   2. hepatic
   3. pulmonary

7. Veins draining the head and upper extremities empty into the ___________ vena cava.
   1. superior
   2. inferior
   3. master

8. The ______________ is the space within the blood vessels that holds the blood.
   1. intima
   2. lumen
   3. external

9. The largest branch of the abdominal aorta, the _____________ artery, supplies most of the small intestine and first half of the large intestine.
   1. superior mesenteric
   2. superior phrenics
   3. mediastinal

10. The _____________ is the largest artery of the body.
    1. aorta
    2. carotid artery
    3. femoral artery

11. What is micturition?

1. The prostate, seminal glands, and bulbo-urethral glands produce _______, the liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body.

1. seminal fluid
2. testosterone
3. prostate fluid

2. The __________ is the pear-shaped organ that houses the embryo or fetus during its development.

1. uterus
2. cli toris
3. cervix

3. A developing egg is ejected from the ovary at the appropriate stage of maturity in an event known as _____.

1. ovulation
2. mensuration
3. ejaculation

4. In which structure of the male reproductive system does spermatogenesis occur?

1. rete testis
2. seminiferous tubule
3. epididymis

5. The fundus, body, and cervix are parts of the

1. Ovaries
2. uterine tube
3. uterus

6. The ___________ serves as the site of maturation of sperm.

1. epididymis
2. prostate
3. testis

7. _____________ are essential for blood clothing.
   1. Erythrocytes
   2. Leukocytes
   3. Platelets

8. ______________ are leukocytes responsible for releasing histamine and other mediators of inflammation.
   1. Basophil
   2. Eosinophils
   3. Monocytes

9. The blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself are the:
   1. vena cava
   2. carotid arteries
   3. coronary arteries

10. Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as _________________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.
    1. hemoglobin
    2. antigens
    3. antibodies

1. The ­­­­­_____ of the kidney is segregated into triangular regions with a striped appearance.

1. cortex
2. ureters
3. medulla

2. The ________ urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled.

1. inferior
2. internal
3. external

3. The ____ performs the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system.

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. all of the above

4. This knot of coiled capillaries, found in the kidneys, forms the filtrate. It is the:

1. arterioles
2. glomerulus
3. tubule

5. The Urinary system consists of the following except:

1. Paired kidneys
2. Urethra
3. Vesicle

6. The physiological units of the kidneys are called

1. glomeruli
2. capsules
3. nephrons

7. The endocrine products of the ovaries are:

1. prolactin and estrogen
2. progesterone and testosterone
3. estrogen and progesterone

8. The paired oval testes lie in the _____ outside the abdominopelvic cavity, where they are kept slightly cooler than body temperature.

1. prepuce
2. prostate
3. scro tum

9. The ________ is the muscular passageway conveying sperm to the ejaculatory duct; in the spermatic cord.

1. prostatic urethra
2. ductus (vas) deferens
3. epididymis

10. The essential organs of reproduction are the ____, which produces the sex cells.

1. gonads
2. seminal glands
3. uterus

1. The organs of the digestive system are traditionally separated into two major groups: the alimentary canal, and the ___________.

1. supporting digestive organs
2. accessory digestive organs
3. gastrointestinal tract

2. The hollow organ that receives bile from the liver is called the

1. Duodenum
2. Gallbladder
3. Stomach

3. Nearly all nutrient absorption occurs in the ____________.

1. large intestine
2. small intestine
3. stomach

4. For ingested food to become available to the cells, it must first be broken down into smaller diffusible molecules in a process called ___________.

1. absorption
2. reabsorption
3. digestion

5. In a tooth, which of the following is filled with blood vessels?

1. root canal
2. periodontal ligament
3. dentin

6. Bile assists the digestion of

1. Carbohydrates
2. Protein
3. fats

7. The __________ arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed.

1. afferent
2. efferent
3. portal

8. The section of the renal tubule closest to the glomerular capsule is the ___.

1. nephron loop
2. distal convoluted tubule
3. proximal convoluted tubule

9. During tubular reabsorption, components of the filtrate move from the bloodstream into the tubule.

1. True
2. False

Integrate your knowledge of the nervous (autonomic and somatic), cardiovascular, respiratory and endocrine systems by describing how delivery of substrate and removal of wastes to/from your muscles is affected by exercise. Include the trigger for each of the responses you mention.

Compare the DIGESTION of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine, and the ABSORPTION  of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.

1.      Achalasia is associated with which of the following at rest and during swallowing?

1. Higher than normal pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter
2. Lower than normal pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter
3. Higher than normal pressure at the upper esophageal sphincter
4. Lower than normal pressure at the upper esophageal sphincter

2. The citric acid cycle begins and ends with which of the following substances?

A.    Acetyl coenzyme A

B.     Citric acid

C.     Isocitric acid

D.    Oxaloacetic acid

3.

Which of the following best describes the amount of ATP produced from one mole of glucose by the glycolytic process (in moles)?

A.    0

B.     1

C.     2

D.    38

5.

Which of the following best describes the process by which stored glycogen is converted to glucose?

A.    Citric acid cycle

B.     Gluconeogenesis

C.     Glycogenesis

D.    Glycogenolysis

6.

Vitamin K is

a. synthesized by intestinal bacteria

b. destroyed by intestinal bacteria

c. phosphorylated by intesinal bacteria

d. none of the above

7.

The pyloric sphincter is located between the

a. small intestines and large intesines

b. stomach and duodenum

c. stomach and jejunum

d. none of the above

8.

The esophagus contains

a. smooth muscle

b. skeletal muscle

c. both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

d. none of the above

9.

Which of the following enzymes plays a critical role in capturing glucose intracellularly?

A.    Citrate synthase

B.     Fumarase

C.     Glucokinase

D.    Glucose phosphatase

Ascending afferents from both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway of the spinal cord synapse in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VPN). The VPN has two parts: the medial VPN and the lateral VPN.

(a) What somatosensory afferents synapse in each of these two areas and

(b) to which 3 areas do neurons from the VPN project?

1.

2.

Primary genitalia in females are:

3.Which of the following is not part of female genitalia?

4.BLANK produces breast milk?

A. Prolactin

B.Estrogen

C.Progesterone

5,

Which of the following cycles is specifically involved with the actual shedding of the uterine lining?

A forty-year old competitive weightlifter has taken a strong broad-spectrum antibiotic that was prescribed after routine dental surgery. One of the side effects was permanent damage to some of his tendons and muscles. What factors would be involved in his switching over to endurance sports? Be sure to discuss the factors affecting the three types of muscle fibers, how they operate metabolically and how they do or don’t respond to training or conditioning.

13. Shondra tells her doctor that she has been feeling jittery and has had trouble sleeping. She also complains about her roommates changing the thermostat and making it too high. A blood test shows antibodies and suggests she might have an autoimmune disease. What organ do you think the antibodies are binding to and how might this cause her symptoms?

When captain Fallowell was in the space station, he had more blood circulating through his torso and to his internal organs. As a result what happened to each of the following measures for him?

a. renin levels

b. aldosterone levels

c. ADH levels

d. thirst

e. atrial natriuretic peptide

f. urine volume

g. blood volume