1. The ­­­­­_____ of the kidney is segregated into triangular regions with a striped appearance.

1. cortex
2. ureters
3. medulla

2. The ________ urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled.

1. inferior
2. internal
3. external

3. The ____ performs the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system.

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. all of the above

4. This knot of coiled capillaries, found in the kidneys, forms the filtrate. It is the:

1. arterioles
2. glomerulus
3. tubule

5. The Urinary system consists of the following except:

1. Paired kidneys
2. Urethra
3. Vesicle

6. The physiological units of the kidneys are called

1. glomeruli
2. capsules
3. nephrons

7. The endocrine products of the ovaries are:

1. prolactin and estrogen
2. progesterone and testosterone
3. estrogen and progesterone

8. The paired oval testes lie in the _____ outside the abdominopelvic cavity, where they are kept slightly cooler than body temperature.

1. prepuce
2. prostate
3. scro tum

9. The ________ is the muscular passageway conveying sperm to the ejaculatory duct; in the spermatic cord.

1. prostatic urethra
2. ductus (vas) deferens
3. epididymis

10. The essential organs of reproduction are the ____, which produces the sex cells.

1. gonads
2. seminal glands
3. uterus

1. The organs of the digestive system are traditionally separated into two major groups: the alimentary canal, and the ___________.

1. supporting digestive organs
2. accessory digestive organs
3. gastrointestinal tract

2. The hollow organ that receives bile from the liver is called the

1. Duodenum
2. Gallbladder
3. Stomach

3. Nearly all nutrient absorption occurs in the ____________.

1. large intestine
2. small intestine
3. stomach

4. For ingested food to become available to the cells, it must first be broken down into smaller diffusible molecules in a process called ___________.

1. absorption
2. reabsorption
3. digestion

5. In a tooth, which of the following is filled with blood vessels?

1. root canal
2. periodontal ligament
3. dentin

6. Bile assists the digestion of

1. Carbohydrates
2. Protein
3. fats

7. The __________ arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed.

1. afferent
2. efferent
3. portal

8. The section of the renal tubule closest to the glomerular capsule is the ___.

1. nephron loop
2. distal convoluted tubule
3. proximal convoluted tubule

9. During tubular reabsorption, components of the filtrate move from the bloodstream into the tubule.

1. True
2. False

Integrate your knowledge of the nervous (autonomic and somatic), cardiovascular, respiratory and endocrine systems by describing how delivery of substrate and removal of wastes to/from your muscles is affected by exercise. Include the trigger for each of the responses you mention.

Compare the DIGESTION of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine, and the ABSORPTION  of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.

1.      Achalasia is associated with which of the following at rest and during swallowing?

1. Higher than normal pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter
2. Lower than normal pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter
3. Higher than normal pressure at the upper esophageal sphincter
4. Lower than normal pressure at the upper esophageal sphincter

2. The citric acid cycle begins and ends with which of the following substances?

A.    Acetyl coenzyme A

B.     Citric acid

C.     Isocitric acid

D.    Oxaloacetic acid

3.

Which of the following best describes the amount of ATP produced from one mole of glucose by the glycolytic process (in moles)?

A.    0

B.     1

C.     2

D.    38

5.

Which of the following best describes the process by which stored glycogen is converted to glucose?

A.    Citric acid cycle

B.     Gluconeogenesis

C.     Glycogenesis

D.    Glycogenolysis

6.

Vitamin K is

a. synthesized by intestinal bacteria

b. destroyed by intestinal bacteria

c. phosphorylated by intesinal bacteria

d. none of the above

7.

The pyloric sphincter is located between the

a. small intestines and large intesines

b. stomach and duodenum

c. stomach and jejunum

d. none of the above

8.

The esophagus contains

a. smooth muscle

b. skeletal muscle

c. both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

d. none of the above

9.

Which of the following enzymes plays a critical role in capturing glucose intracellularly?

A.    Citrate synthase

B.     Fumarase

C.     Glucokinase

D.    Glucose phosphatase

Ascending afferents from both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway of the spinal cord synapse in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VPN). The VPN has two parts: the medial VPN and the lateral VPN.

(a) What somatosensory afferents synapse in each of these two areas and

(b) to which 3 areas do neurons from the VPN project?

1.

2.

Primary genitalia in females are:

3.Which of the following is not part of female genitalia?

4.BLANK produces breast milk?

A. Prolactin

B.Estrogen

C.Progesterone

5,

Which of the following cycles is specifically involved with the actual shedding of the uterine lining?

A forty-year old competitive weightlifter has taken a strong broad-spectrum antibiotic that was prescribed after routine dental surgery. One of the side effects was permanent damage to some of his tendons and muscles. What factors would be involved in his switching over to endurance sports? Be sure to discuss the factors affecting the three types of muscle fibers, how they operate metabolically and how they do or don’t respond to training or conditioning.

13. Shondra tells her doctor that she has been feeling jittery and has had trouble sleeping. She also complains about her roommates changing the thermostat and making it too high. A blood test shows antibodies and suggests she might have an autoimmune disease. What organ do you think the antibodies are binding to and how might this cause her symptoms?

When captain Fallowell was in the space station, he had more blood circulating through his torso and to his internal organs. As a result what happened to each of the following measures for him?

a. renin levels

b. aldosterone levels

c. ADH levels

d. thirst

e. atrial natriuretic peptide

f. urine volume

g. blood volume

You are a primary care provider in a small town. You have 2 patients who have come to see you today. Some information about your patients, their hormone status and their symptoms is found in the table below….

Based on Ms. McGeehee’s results, describe the dysfunction or disease that she is experiencing. (NOTE: You don’t need to be clinically accurate here, but you should be able to identify the site of the dysfunction.) Why do you think a problem at this site is producing the lab values and the symptoms she is experiencing?

a. Diagram a sarcomere (either by hand/drawing or in a graphics program if you prefer; use the figures from the reading and videos to guide you but don’t turn in a professionally constructed diagram; generate something on your own). Label key features, including at least: actin, myosin; transverse tubules; sarcoplasmic reticulum; Z-line. (this diagram need not be a perfect representation or of artistic quality – just outline your thinking)

b. Describe the function of each of the following components (i.e. what is their role in muscle contraction?):

• 1) actin
• 2) actin active site
• 3) myosin & myosin head
• 4) sarcoplasmic reticulum
• 5) transverse (T) tubule
• 6) calcium ions.

c. What process limits the speed at which a muscle can relax after contraction?

Chapter 17( Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine)

A 17-year-old man is admitted with multiple injuries after his motorcycle crashes. The emergency department physician draws a blood sample for a STAT type and crossmatch. The motorcyclist's passenger also has blood drawn for a STAT type and screen. An immediate-spin crossmatch is compatible between the group A patient and group A donor. The unit of blood is issued from the blood bank as an emergency release. After receiving 50 mL of the first unit of RBCs, the man develops shaking chills and becomes hypotensive with a falling blood pressure. The unit of cells is immediately discontinued, and the transfusion service is notified of the situation. A recheck of testing is requested immediately.

Laboratory Testing Clerical check:

No evidence of clerical errors

Hemoglobinemia: Slight hemolysis observed

Direct antiglobulin test

Patient pretransfusion: Negative

Patient posttransfusion: Weakly positive

Recheck of blood grouping

pretransfusion: A positive Patient

posttransfusion: O positive

Donor: A positive

Repeat crossmatches

Patient pretransfusion + Donor red blood cells = Compatible

posttransfusion + Donor red blood cells = Incompatible

Critical Thinking Group Discussion

1. Why did this patient experience shaking chills and other adverse effects after receiving only 50 mL of red blood cells?

2. If the patient's adverse reaction to the blood transfusion had not been noted soon after the beginning of the transfusion, what physiologic changes would have occurred to the patient?

A gene codes for a proinsulin protein, which is then cleaved into insulin. This is an example of:

A. A post-translational modification

B. Transcription

C. Processing of mRNA

D. Translation

how does Alzheimer's affect the central nervous system?

Explain the role of neurotransmitters in both the muscular and nervous system.

Explain how muscle contraction is achieved as described by the sliding filament theory