Look Out Below: A Case Study on Bone Tissue Structure and Repair An elderly patient arrived at the emergency room unconscious after an accident in which a heavy overhead shelf struck her arm. Upon auscultation, a large open wound on her arm was evident with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has bruises covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries the patient undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following:

1) fracture of the left humerus at the proximal diaphysis,

2) depressed fracture of the occipital bone,

3) fracture of the 3rd lumbar vertebral body. Answer the Following (short answer) \

1. Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions: a. Comminuted fracture b. Epiphyseal plate c. Bony callous d. Paget’s Disease

2. What is the difference between the Calcification zone and the Ossification zone found.

3. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the vertebral body? Describe the structure and function of this type of bone.

4. Describe the layers of compact bone.

5. Most connective tissue, including bone, is highly vascular. Which anatomical structures in the patient’s compact bone house blood vessels?

6. What term is used to describe the addition of new bone tissue? Identify which bone cell is responsible for this process and explain how it occurs.

7. What makes up the organic and inorganic portions of the bone’s extracellular matrix (ECM)? 8. Describe the structure of an osteon.

Discussion:

Further diagnostic tests on the patient revealed a lack of estrogen and calcium. Elaborate on how these factors may have made the injury worse. In normal conditions, what would be the response to falling calcium levels? Post your response and respond to two of your classmates using at least 3-5 sentences to receive full credit (10 points).

A person vomits frequently over a 24-hour period. They can keep down water but that is about it. Their bowl movements are normal consistency but infrequent. What acid-base imbalance will result.

True or False. Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, explain in the space provided the statement why it is false, or simply correct the statement.

Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. During exercise, the sympathetic nerves that innervate the smooth muscles of bronchioles and arterioles regulate the contraction of these smooth muscles to increase ventilation and cardiac output.

2. Multiple choice: Choose one best statement.

An infant born prematurely has neonatal respiratory distress syndrome caused by a lack of adequate surfactant in the immature lung.

Which of the following would be expected in this infant?

1. Increased breathing rate.
2. Decreased surface tension of the alveoli.
3. Increased lung compliance.
4. Increased secretion by type I alveolar cells.
5. Increased secretion by type II alveolar cells

1-Write short account on the importance of antigen presenting cells in the cell mediated immunity?

2-The immune system kills the pathogens by different mechanisms. Depending on your study of the course, explain these mechanisms?

3-Write short notes on the isohemagglutinins and how they can be used to detect B cell function?

Why would someones symptoms due to a autoimmune disease lessen while being 'conditioned' for a bone marrow transplant? Could you break it down as much as possible, I am in basic immunology. Thank you!

Which step of muscle contraction requires the presence of ATP?

5) What is the path that a typical spermatogonium would take to fertilize an oocyte? Include at least 4 structures for the male and at least 4 structures for the female. Name each step like you would give someone directions (College Drive, to Atlanta street, through downtown, to Highway 41…) (organs, openings, regions of the organ, etc) 8pts n

A female just had a cup of coffee with cream and sugar. You are following the journey of the glucose molecule from ingestion thru cellular respiration which creates H2O and CO2. You will follow the CO2 molecule until exhalation and the H2O to excretion. List the following pathways.

A.            List the physical pathway from the oral cavity to the point of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

B.            List the physical pathway from the point of absorption of the glucose molecule in the gastrointestinal tract to getting to the right gastrocnemius muscle.

7. In your own words provide a one sentence definition/example of the following:

1. Vital capacity

2. Residual volume

3. Tidal volume

4. Total lung capacity

5. Functional residual capacity

6. Expiratory reserve volume

7a. ADH

a. increases the permeability of the distal wall to water, and increases urine volume.

b. increases the permeability of the distal wall to water, and decreases urine volume.

c. decreases the permeability of the distal wall to water, and increases urine volume.

d. decreases the permeability of the distal wall to water, and decreases urine volume.

7b. Normal concentrations of potassium ions in glomerular filtrate is much lower than that in urine. Which of the following POSITIVELY contribute to this difference (enlarge the difference). (Note: this question has two correct answers. You need to choose both for the points)

A. water reabsorption

B. potassium reabsorption

C. potassium secretion

D. sodium secretion

1. Which of the following is NOT expected after a glucose rich meal consumed by a type I diabetic?

beta cells do not respond

insulin sensitivity remains approximately normal

increased glucagon secretion

insulin levels are low

2. Which of the following would NOT lower blood pressure?

ADH

an alpha receptor antagonist

a beta receptor antagonist

an drug that inhibits the synthesis of angiotensin II

3. Which of the following is true of hormones secreted from the neural (posterior) lobe of the pituitary gland?

their secretion is controlled by hormones from the hypophyseal portal vein

they are secreted in response to intermediate lobe hormones

they are secreted by hypothalamic neurons

their secretion is controled by hypothalamic hormones

4. Which of the respiratory chemoreceptors responds to decreasing oxygen levels the most slowly?

oxygen

CO2

1. Levels of which of the following hormones would be expected to rise if one needed more energy in order to run up some stairs?

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Somatostatin

growth hormone

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC

2. The first heart sound occurs at which of the following moments?

the end of isovolumetric contraction

the end of isovolumetric relaxation

the end of ventricular systole WRONG

the end of ventricular diastole

3.Which of the following occurs during the ejection stage of the cardiac cycle? ASK CHEGGS

blood is pumped from the left atrium past the bicuspid valve

blood is pumped from the right ventricle past the aortic semilunar valve

blood is pumped from the left ventricle past that aoritic semilunar valve

blood is pumped from the right atrium past the bicuspid valve

4. Which of the following will cause more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin at the tissues?

low blood temperature

high concentration of hyrogen ions

high oxygen concentration

low carbon dioxide concentration

26) A. At many synapses in the hippocampus, long‑term potentiation depends on the             activation of NMDA receptors which have affinities for and respond to __________:             

a. GABA.

b. glutamate.

c. dopamine.

d. norepinephrine.

e. nitric oxide.

B. Based on imaging research of the brain, the region known as DLPFC (dorsolateral    prefrontal cortex) is associated with __________:

            a. verbal tasks.

            b. executive control.

            c. spatial tasks.

            d. all of the above.

            e. none of the above.   

C. Tricyclic antidepressants, and some herbal remedies such as St. John's Wort, might share a    common mechanism, probably involving __________:

            a. blocking the release of glutamate and GABA.

            b. preventing the Presynaptic cell from reabsorbing monoamine neurotransmitters.

            c. directly stimulating catecholamine receptors in the post synaptic membrane.

            d. increasing the rate of synthesis of acetylcholine and ADP, and GDP. glutamate.