Balan and Davis (1993) have outlined four steps to use when employing ecological task analysis (both as a method of assessment and a method of instruction). Please identify and then briefly outline each of these steps.

5. An athlete complains about medial ankle pain. On observation you notice increased pes planus on the injured side.

1. What effect does pes planus have on the biomechanics of the foot and ankle during gait?

2. What 3 injuries might this predispose the athlete to suffer and why?

3. You assess the athlete as having tibialis posterior tendinitis. How would you modify your ankle tape job to support this injury?

4. A baseball player approaches you to discuss their medial elbow pain.

1. List 6 anatomical similarities or differences between the knee and elbow to better help the athlete understand the elbow biomechanics.

2. What signs/symptoms would you expect to see if the athlete was presenting with medial epicondylitis?

3. What elbow ligament might the athlete have injured and why is this common among overhead throwing athletes?  

iv. What special test would you perform to confirm ligament injury and what end feel would you expect if there is a complete rupture?

You are covering a soccer game when while heading a ball an athlete falls grabbing the back of their lower leg. You are concerned they may have strained their calf.

1. What would the athlete complain of (symptoms) and what would you observe (signs) if they had suffered a 2nd degree strain?

2. What are some predisposing factors that may have put the athlete at risk for this injury?

3. For a 2nd degree strain, what positive tests would you expect to find during each of your active, passive, and resisted testing?

4. You advise the athlete not to play, based on your assessment, and informed the coach of your decision. The coach demands that the player plays the second half of the game and the athlete suffers additional injury. What type of negligence is present and why?

1. What role do osteoclasts play in intramembranous ossification, and what would be the result if these cells were defective during fetal development?

Why would a patient with a high pCo2 have a high bicarbonate? Explain the anatomy and physiology? A patient with a pO2 of 43 mmHg, would be hypoxic or hypoxemia?

Describe how your biceps muscle contracts IN SERIES AT CELLULAR & MYOFIBER LEVELS when you drink a cup of coffee. You should include the following concepts: - How resting membrane potential is negatively charged in the cell - Depolarization and repolarization of the cells - How neural signal (a motor neuron) is sending to skeletal muscular cells - Include the roles of T-tubule, SR, Calcium ions, thick/think filaments, cross bridge, power stroke, ATP in muscle contraction

why is the thyroid glad most important in the endocrine system ? Explain why and defend your answer. Your response should be a minimum of 100 words, with in-text citations and references.

1. As blood traveling from the heart passes through numerous increasingly smaller vessels, the blood pressure:
   1. Decreases
   2. does not change
   3. remains constant
   4. Increases
2. ood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium is called
   1. systemic circulation
   2. coronary circulation
   3. pulmonary circulation
   4. fetal circulation
3. Blood pressure is highest in the
   1. Arterioles
   2. Veins
   3. Venues
   4. Arteries
4. Epinephrine would
   1. decrease heart rate
   2. increase cardiac output
   3. decrease cardiac output
   4. cause no change.
5. The pulse wave is created by:
   1. The electrical signals of the heart
   2. The contraction of the arteries
   3. The contraction of the left ventricle
   4. The contraction of the bronchioles
6. If the arteries are vasodilated, then the pulse amplitude will be:
   1. Faster
   2. Slower
   3. Higher
   4. Lower
7. A decrease in blood pressure will cause:
   1. An increase in the parasympathetic system
   2. Vasoconstriction
   3. Vasodilation
   4. Decreased heart rate

1. Venous return to the heart occurs due to pressure created by
   1. respiratory pump only
   2. skeletal muscle pump only
   3. contraction of the heart
   4. skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
2. Systolic blood pressure in arteries is always lower than the diastolic pressure.
   1. True
   2. False
3. Increased end diastolic volume will affect;
   1. heart rate
   2. mean arterial pressure
   3. total peripheral resistance
   4. stroke volume

Questions 19-20

19. Which of the following factors INCREASES hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen? [MARK ALL THAT APPLY]

a. decreased [H+ ] b. decreased temperature c. decreased PO2 d. decreased pH    e. increased PCO2

20. You discover a new mutation in the gene coding for carbonic anhydrase. You observe that patients with this mutation exhibit:

a. less buffering capacity of the blood

d. higher PCO2 levels in blood

b. less bicarbonate [HCO3-] concentration in blood

e. Hb has a lower affinity for O2 than normal

c. any of these could indicate a problem with carbonic anhydrase

Which of the following diseases is known to be linked to chronic inflammation?

A.Cancer

B.Diabetes

C.Osteoporosis

D.Atherosclerosis

E.Hypertension

F.All of the above.