1) Outline the any two neural adaptations a muscle undergoes to gain strength in the absence of muscle hypertrophy. (5 points)

2) Describe the role satellite cells play in hypertrophy of skeletal muscles in response to muscle injury. (5 points)

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse?

It stimulates the post-synaptic neuron.

It breaks down acetylcholine.

It releases calcium ions.

All apply.

If a person cannot void his or her bladder voluntarily, a urinary catheter can be used to pass the urine. Unfortunately this may have consequences that impact the homeostatic condition, such as urinary tract infections. What are the internal passages through which a catheter must pass to reach the bladder, and how can they be impacted?

Which of the following is a type of cardiovascular disease?

-diabetes

-hypertension

-coronary artery disease

-all of the above

Which of the following daily dietary choices would be most effective in lowering blood pressure?

-Reducing table salt use, drinking more water, and eliminating trans fat

-Adding peanut butter to at least one meal, trimming visible fat from all meat, and adding fruit as a dessert

-Eating salad for lunch, choosing decaffeinated instead of caffeinated coffee, and avoiding sweets

-Consuming 3 servings of low fat dairy, eating 10 servings of fruits and vegetables, and restricting sodium to 2 g/day

Reducing dietary cholesterol reduces blood LDL cholesterol levels.

-true

-false

A patient increases soluble fiber consumption and asks you to assess if there has been a reduction in his cardiovascular risk by conducting a blood test. Which blood test would most likely reveal an effect of soluble fiber?

-Assessment of blood clotting (INR)

-Hemoglobin A1C

-Fasting glucose

-Lipoprotein concentrations

Jack had been working on his gas furnace all afternoon. He finally thought that he fixed the old, dilapidated furnace. It was going to get really cold that evening so he wanted to make sure that the furnace would keep them warm all night.

Jack went to bed at 11:00 p.m. as usual but he noticed that he had a slight headache before going to bed. He just thought that he needed to sleep. His wife and kids also had complained of having a headache that evening.

Jack woke up at 4:00 a.m. feeling extremely nauseous and his head was pounding. He got out of bed to go get some aspirin. When he got up, he stumbled about, feeling as if he was going to pass out. He nudged his wife to see if she would get him some aspirin. She didn’t move. He called out her name and nudged her again. She still didn’t move.

In a panic, he grabbed the phone and dialed 911. The operator answered and Jack yelled, “It’s my wife, she won’t get up!”

The operator replied, “Sir, what is your address?”   There was no response.   “Sir?!?”

The emergency personnel arrived at the scene. Upon entering the house, they found 4 individuals unconscious in 3 different bedrooms. They were still breathing but barely.

As the emergency personnel were assessing the situation, they themselves started to feel nauseous and felt as if they were going to pass out. They moved quickly and made sure that everyone was out of the house.

As soon as everyone was out of the house, the emergency personnel started to feel better again.   Jack and his family were given oxygen on their way to the hospital. At the hospital they did a battery of tests and everything looked fine except for their COHb levels which were 30%.

1. What was wrong with Jack and his family?

2. What are normal COHb levels?

3. What treatment should Jack and his family be given?

4. What may be the cause of their high COHb levels?

5. Why does high COHb levels cause the symptoms that Jack and his family experienced?

Describe how all tissues are comprised of living cells and extracellular matrix

1. You have eaten a meal. The meal went into the digestive tract and was broken down into sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids. You absorbed the nutrients into the blood stream. The nutrients are absorbed from the part of the digestive tract with this function and then transported to the right little finger.

Once in the right little finger, the nutrients enter the cell. Due to cellular respiration (breakdown of fuel for energy), the metabolites of water and carbon dioxide are produced. The carbon dioxide will be exhaled, while the water will be excreted as urine.

List the pathways for

1. The nutrients in the blood to get to the left little finger.
2. The carbon dioxide to get from the left little finger to exhalation.
3. The water molecule to get from the left little finger until it is excreted as urine.

Describe the three routes of anatomical connectivity of the prefrontal lobes to the rest of the brain?

Provide illustrations of the four types of ELISA technology:

-In direct ELISA

-In indirect ELISA

-In sandwich ELISA

-Competitive ELISA

Identify the divisions of the PNS (peripheral nervous system). Briefly describe each division and elaborate if there any subdivisions of each.

1. Research on a conditioned eye-blink reflex in rabbits suggests that associative learning and     storage of procedural implicit memories might occur in the__________ :

a. intermediate nucleus plexus of the amygdala.

b. dorsal nautaloid nucleus of the anterior pituitary.

c. lateral positus nucleus of the cerebellum.

d. lateral genicuulate nucleus of the corpus callosum.

5. Typically, the brain of a healthy, alert older person features __________ in comparison to the brain of a middle‑aged person:          

a. more neurons with decreased dendritic branching.

b. equal numbers of neurons with decreased dendritic branching.

c. fewer neurons and decreased dendritic branching.

d. fewer neurons and increased dendritic branching.

11. In general, the two hemispheres of the brain are specialized. The left hemisphere of the        brain emphasizes __________, while the right side of the brain emphasizes __________:

a. L=visual interpretation, locomotor control, homeostatic regulation;

            R=aesthetic analysis, emotional assessment, auditory processing.

b. L=analytical processing, linguistic activity, sequential analysis;

            R=visual interpretation, analytical procedures, tactile assessment.

c. L=sequential processing, analytical procedures, linguistic activity;

R=integrative activity, problem solving, emotional assessment.

d. L=auditory processing, linguistic productivity, sequential problem solving;

            R=sequential analysis, homeostasis, olfaction, and virtuousness.

You just ate a piece of corn on the cob, which is basically carbohydrates and undigestible material. Now you are going to describe what happens to that food until it exits the body by indicating digestive processes and the structures that make it happen.