Question

1.      Achalasia is associated with which of the following at rest and during swallowing?

1. Higher than normal pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter
2. Lower than normal pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter
3. Higher than normal pressure at the upper esophageal sphincter
4. Lower than normal pressure at the upper esophageal sphincter

2. The citric acid cycle begins and ends with which of the following substances?

A.    Acetyl coenzyme A

B.     Citric acid

C.     Isocitric acid

D.    Oxaloacetic acid

3.

Which of the following best describes the amount of ATP produced from one mole of glucose by the glycolytic process (in moles)?

A.    0

B.     1

C.     2

D.    38

5.

Which of the following best describes the process by which stored glycogen is converted to glucose?

A.    Citric acid cycle

B.     Gluconeogenesis

C.     Glycogenesis

D.    Glycogenolysis

6.

Vitamin K is

a. synthesized by intestinal bacteria

b. destroyed by intestinal bacteria

c. phosphorylated by intesinal bacteria

d. none of the above

7.

The pyloric sphincter is located between the

a. small intestines and large intesines

b. stomach and duodenum

c. stomach and jejunum

d. none of the above

8.

The esophagus contains

a. smooth muscle

b. skeletal muscle

c. both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

d. none of the above

9.

Which of the following enzymes plays a critical role in capturing glucose intracellularly?

A.    Citrate synthase

B.     Fumarase

C.     Glucokinase

D.    Glucose phosphatase

Answer 1

1.

A. Higher than normal pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter

Achalasia is a condition that causes the Lower Esophageal sphincter to remain closed during swallowing.

2.

D. Oxaloacetic acid

Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl Coenzyme A to produce Citrate, which then proceeds in the Citric acid cycle.

3.

D. 38

Each round of Glycolysis produces the equivalent of 38 moles of ATP. Not all energy is produced as ATP as some energy is also produced as NADH and GTP.

5.

D. Glycogenolysis

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of Glycogen to produce Glucose.

6.

A. synthesized by intestinal bacteria

Escherichia coli bacteria in the gut can synthesize Vitamin K2.

7.

B. stomach and duodenum

The Pyloric sphincter regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the Duodenum.

8.

c. both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

While the upper part of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle, the lower part contains both smooth and skeletal muscles.

9.

C. Glucokinase

Glucokinase is an enzyme that converts Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate. This phosphorylated form of Glucose is unable to cross th eplasma membrane and is 'trapped' in the cell.