1. What role do osteoclasts play in intramembranous ossification, and what would be the result if these cells were defective during fetal development?

Why would a patient with a high pCo2 have a high bicarbonate? Explain the anatomy and physiology? A patient with a pO2 of 43 mmHg, would be hypoxic or hypoxemia?

Describe how your biceps muscle contracts IN SERIES AT CELLULAR & MYOFIBER LEVELS when you drink a cup of coffee. You should include the following concepts: - How resting membrane potential is negatively charged in the cell - Depolarization and repolarization of the cells - How neural signal (a motor neuron) is sending to skeletal muscular cells - Include the roles of T-tubule, SR, Calcium ions, thick/think filaments, cross bridge, power stroke, ATP in muscle contraction

why is the thyroid glad most important in the endocrine system ? Explain why and defend your answer. Your response should be a minimum of 100 words, with in-text citations and references.

1. As blood traveling from the heart passes through numerous increasingly smaller vessels, the blood pressure:
   1. Decreases
   2. does not change
   3. remains constant
   4. Increases
2. ood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium is called
   1. systemic circulation
   2. coronary circulation
   3. pulmonary circulation
   4. fetal circulation
3. Blood pressure is highest in the
   1. Arterioles
   2. Veins
   3. Venues
   4. Arteries
4. Epinephrine would
   1. decrease heart rate
   2. increase cardiac output
   3. decrease cardiac output
   4. cause no change.
5. The pulse wave is created by:
   1. The electrical signals of the heart
   2. The contraction of the arteries
   3. The contraction of the left ventricle
   4. The contraction of the bronchioles
6. If the arteries are vasodilated, then the pulse amplitude will be:
   1. Faster
   2. Slower
   3. Higher
   4. Lower
7. A decrease in blood pressure will cause:
   1. An increase in the parasympathetic system
   2. Vasoconstriction
   3. Vasodilation
   4. Decreased heart rate

1. Venous return to the heart occurs due to pressure created by
   1. respiratory pump only
   2. skeletal muscle pump only
   3. contraction of the heart
   4. skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
2. Systolic blood pressure in arteries is always lower than the diastolic pressure.
   1. True
   2. False
3. Increased end diastolic volume will affect;
   1. heart rate
   2. mean arterial pressure
   3. total peripheral resistance
   4. stroke volume

Questions 19-20

19. Which of the following factors INCREASES hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen? [MARK ALL THAT APPLY]

a. decreased [H+ ] b. decreased temperature c. decreased PO2 d. decreased pH    e. increased PCO2

20. You discover a new mutation in the gene coding for carbonic anhydrase. You observe that patients with this mutation exhibit:

a. less buffering capacity of the blood

d. higher PCO2 levels in blood

b. less bicarbonate [HCO3-] concentration in blood

e. Hb has a lower affinity for O2 than normal

c. any of these could indicate a problem with carbonic anhydrase

Which of the following diseases is known to be linked to chronic inflammation?

A.Cancer

B.Diabetes

C.Osteoporosis

D.Atherosclerosis

E.Hypertension

F.All of the above.

What division of the nervous system is very active in people involved in stressful situations? What reactions does the body have to stress because of this branch of the nervous system? Briefly discuss how the endocrine system works with the nervous system in stress?

What is the anatomy and physiology of the Parkinson’s Disease. What part(s) of the nervous system is/are affected and how is normal physiology interrupted? and what are the etiology, progression and final outcome of Parkinson’s?

Name the 3 glands that contribute to semen

Identify the inputs to cardiac center which affect the heart rate.

Identify the factors that affect cardiac output.

Define Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule in relation to climate adaptation. What is one example of an environmental factor that can lead to development of body-shape characteristics that deviate from those predicted by these two rules?