You are a primary care provider in a small town. You have 2 patients who have come to see you today. Some information about your patients, their hormone status and their symptoms is found in the table below….

Based on Ms. McGeehee’s results, describe the dysfunction or disease that she is experiencing. (NOTE: You don’t need to be clinically accurate here, but you should be able to identify the site of the dysfunction.) Why do you think a problem at this site is producing the lab values and the symptoms she is experiencing?

a. Diagram a sarcomere (either by hand/drawing or in a graphics program if you prefer; use the figures from the reading and videos to guide you but don’t turn in a professionally constructed diagram; generate something on your own). Label key features, including at least: actin, myosin; transverse tubules; sarcoplasmic reticulum; Z-line. (this diagram need not be a perfect representation or of artistic quality – just outline your thinking)

b. Describe the function of each of the following components (i.e. what is their role in muscle contraction?):

• 1) actin
• 2) actin active site
• 3) myosin & myosin head
• 4) sarcoplasmic reticulum
• 5) transverse (T) tubule
• 6) calcium ions.

c. What process limits the speed at which a muscle can relax after contraction?

Chapter 17( Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine)

A 17-year-old man is admitted with multiple injuries after his motorcycle crashes. The emergency department physician draws a blood sample for a STAT type and crossmatch. The motorcyclist's passenger also has blood drawn for a STAT type and screen. An immediate-spin crossmatch is compatible between the group A patient and group A donor. The unit of blood is issued from the blood bank as an emergency release. After receiving 50 mL of the first unit of RBCs, the man develops shaking chills and becomes hypotensive with a falling blood pressure. The unit of cells is immediately discontinued, and the transfusion service is notified of the situation. A recheck of testing is requested immediately.

Laboratory Testing Clerical check:

No evidence of clerical errors

Hemoglobinemia: Slight hemolysis observed

Direct antiglobulin test

Patient pretransfusion: Negative

Patient posttransfusion: Weakly positive

Recheck of blood grouping

pretransfusion: A positive Patient

posttransfusion: O positive

Donor: A positive

Repeat crossmatches

Patient pretransfusion + Donor red blood cells = Compatible

posttransfusion + Donor red blood cells = Incompatible

Critical Thinking Group Discussion

1. Why did this patient experience shaking chills and other adverse effects after receiving only 50 mL of red blood cells?

2. If the patient's adverse reaction to the blood transfusion had not been noted soon after the beginning of the transfusion, what physiologic changes would have occurred to the patient?

A gene codes for a proinsulin protein, which is then cleaved into insulin. This is an example of:

A. A post-translational modification

B. Transcription

C. Processing of mRNA

D. Translation

how does Alzheimer's affect the central nervous system?

Explain the role of neurotransmitters in both the muscular and nervous system.

Explain how muscle contraction is achieved as described by the sliding filament theory

What is the resting potential? What are the charges inside and outside of the neuron? Which ions are found in and outside of the neuron? When the neuron is at a resting potential, is it polarized, depolarized, repolarized

1. Which defect would have a more crippling effect on the immune system, a complete loss of calnexin function or a complete loss of CD4 function. Justify your answer and include the normal function of each molecule?

Describe gas exchange in the human body from inspiration (breathing in) to expiration (breathing out). How does oxygen and carbon dioxide travel throughout the body? Provide specific details of how, where, and why these gasses travel. Your details should also include the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and muscle tissues. Use concepts learned in class and key terms to ensure you have a detailed response.

Provide a diagnosis for the following cases. Make sure you say why you chose that diagnosis by noting the specific behaviors described in the case.

The Case of Matthew Boudreaux               Matthew, a 25-year-old single man, was admitted to a large metropolitan hospital’s mental health service. He was not verbal and offered no chief complaint on admission. Matt’s older cousin, Lonny Pasquale, brought him to the hospital and offered that “Matt is going crazy again. He probably needs to go back to the state hospital. He’s been in an out of that hospital several times in the past 3 or 4 years. They give him medicine, but I’m sure he doesn’t take it when he leaves the hospital.”Lonny described his cousin. “Matt always talked funny, even when he was 10 or 12 years old. He heard and saw things that nobody else did and frequently insisted he had special powers no one else had.” There is no evidence that Matt had ever been gainfully employed, and Lonny said nothing about any type of friendships that Matt had.Lonny practically had to carry Matt into the hospital—Matt would only walk on the outside arches of his feet, and he refused to be moved. The psychiatrist’s notes describe Matt’s appearance as that of a slightly built, disheveled young man who paid no attention to his current surroundings. During their initial meeting, he sat with his eyes shut tight, did not look up when spoken to, and did not answer questions directed to him. Matt refused to participate in a conversation with the psychiatrist and did not answer questions. Although it appeared that Matt understood things happening around him, he did not interact with anyone. He sporadically introduced phrases he had apparently heard before into his speech, and he accomplished this without opening his eyes or looking up. His speech was affected so that he sounded like a babbling child—he often spoke with a lisp or stammer, and occasionally burst forth with a fragment of a song. Matt made many facial grimaces and performed various other kinds of seemingly senseless physical movements. For example, he crossed his legs rigidly so that they were “assembled” in odd positions while his hands were in constant motion on top of his head.

What are the steps of the electron transport chain transport protons to the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?

Leptin is a hormone that signals an organism to suppress appetite. Leptin is released from fat cells in white adipose tissue and binds to receptors on cells in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls appetite.

  a) Identify the way that leptin produced by fat cells of adipose tissue in the abdomen can send a signal to the neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus.

what stimulates insulin release: choose all that apply

a) activation of GLUT-2

b) deplorization of pancreatic beta cells triggered by high ATP

c) glucose inhibition of the mitochondria

d) inhibition of the hyperpolarization of the beta cells by K+

explain why you choose the options and why you do not choose the others

1. Explain why the A band does not change length during muscle contraction but the I band and H-zone do change length.

2. Describe the cause of muscle strength gains early (1^st 8 weeks) in a resistance training program and the cause of muscle strength gains later (after 8 weeks) in a resistance training program.

3. Explain what myonuclear domain is and what myonuclear domain threshold is.

4. Explain why it is important for myosin heads within a myosin protein to undergo asynchronous cross-bridge cycling.

5. List two primary differences between skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells.