Explain in detail the mechanisms of fluid exchange between capillaries and the interstitium. Then, define edema, and use cause-and-effect arguments, explain how each of the following conditions cause edema. Be sure to explain the underlying mechanism causing the edema.

The prostate is a reproductive gland found in the male. Explain why prostate abnormalities often present with urinary symptoms.

1. Explain the following.

a. Compare the right and left ventricular pressures and right and left ventricular volumes.

b. What will happen to cardiac output during exercise? Explain what physiological changes occur that cause this change in cardiac output?

1) What is meant by the term ''resting membrane potential''?

2) What is the usual resting membrane potential of an excitable cell (e.g.neuron) at rest? Why? How is it established?

3) How do the concentration of K+ and Na+ differ in the ECF and the ICF?

Discuss how each step of an action potential compares between a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron.

Carbohydrates aid fat metabolism by:

A. Donating acetyl-CoA during beta-oxidation

B. Generating pyruvate needed to form oxaloacetate which keeps the citric acid cycle turning as fats form acetyl-CoA

C. Preventing the formation of ketones by generating acetyl-CoA

D.Generating glucose which provides energy needed for beta-oxid ation which forms acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle

At what age is a baby ready to receive foods other than milk (1 pt) and why? Provide 2 reasons why this age is recommended or what are the cues that the baby is ready? (2 pts; 1 pt each).

Write about your review of available literature on the different approaches in the classification of nerve fiber?

1. Compare the effect of ANP to aldosterone with respect to what nephron cells are stimulated to do (indicate what transport proteins are involved, where they go, and what their functions are)?
2. How would the volume and total concentration of urine change in the presence of BOTH aldosterone and ADH? Explain your answer.
3. What does aldosterone stimulate the nephron cells to do (indicate what transport proteins are involved, where they go, and what their functions are)?

A) List three types of skin cancer. Describe the likely risk factors for each and the prognosis and treatment for each.

B) Which skin cancer has the highest mortality rate and why? How would you make the diagnose of this disease?

1) What is the hormone that most closely complements the effects of PTH:

a) Calcitonin

b) Calcitriol

c) Cholecalciferol

d) Cortisol

2) What is the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone:

a) posterior pituitary

b) thyroid gland

c) parathyroid gland

d) anterior pituitary

1. a. Compare and contrast the forces that are generated and/or energy dynamics of a human running and a fish swimming. List at least one similarity and one difference. Ideas to compare include: direction of forces generated, how muscle contraction/relaxation is related to forces, where/when potential energy is stored.

b. Compare and contrast the actions of muscles as motors and brakes. List at least one similarity between the two and one difference between the two.

c. How can you decide if a work loop is depicting a muscle acting as a motor, brake, strut or spring? Describe the method you would use to make this decision.

Steve is a member of the West Coast Eagles football team. During practice, he suffered a high impact collided with a team-mate and injured the anterior compartment of his thigh. As a result of the collision, his quadriceps femoris muscle were compressed against the femur, resulting in quadriceps contusion or ‘cork thigh’.

Describe the gross anatomy of the [muscles, their attachments and actions and nerve supply] of the quadriceps [anterior] compartment of the thigh?