1. Compare the effect of ANP to aldosterone with respect to what nephron cells are stimulated to do (indicate what transport proteins are involved, where they go, and what their functions are)?
2. How would the volume and total concentration of urine change in the presence of BOTH aldosterone and ADH? Explain your answer.
3. What does aldosterone stimulate the nephron cells to do (indicate what transport proteins are involved, where they go, and what their functions are)?

A) List three types of skin cancer. Describe the likely risk factors for each and the prognosis and treatment for each.

B) Which skin cancer has the highest mortality rate and why? How would you make the diagnose of this disease?

1) What is the hormone that most closely complements the effects of PTH:

a) Calcitonin

b) Calcitriol

c) Cholecalciferol

d) Cortisol

2) What is the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone:

a) posterior pituitary

b) thyroid gland

c) parathyroid gland

d) anterior pituitary

1. a. Compare and contrast the forces that are generated and/or energy dynamics of a human running and a fish swimming. List at least one similarity and one difference. Ideas to compare include: direction of forces generated, how muscle contraction/relaxation is related to forces, where/when potential energy is stored.

b. Compare and contrast the actions of muscles as motors and brakes. List at least one similarity between the two and one difference between the two.

c. How can you decide if a work loop is depicting a muscle acting as a motor, brake, strut or spring? Describe the method you would use to make this decision.

Steve is a member of the West Coast Eagles football team. During practice, he suffered a high impact collided with a team-mate and injured the anterior compartment of his thigh. As a result of the collision, his quadriceps femoris muscle were compressed against the femur, resulting in quadriceps contusion or ‘cork thigh’.

Describe the gross anatomy of the [muscles, their attachments and actions and nerve supply] of the quadriceps [anterior] compartment of the thigh?

Chapter 20

Write an explanation with each answer

Courtney, a dental hygiene student, was in Ghana with several of her classmates. Each summer, the students had an opportunity to combine study abroad with volunteering at a dental clinic in Accra. On their second day at the clinic, Courtney met Juba, a local farmer’s daughter. Juba’s right foot and leg below the knee were extremely swollen, seemingly blown up like a balloon. In contrast, Juba’s left leg had a swelling at all and appeared quite normal. One of the local dentists told Courtney that Juba had elephantiasis, a type of lymphedema caused by a blockage.

1. With Juba’s condition, what vessels are blocked? A. Arteries B. Capillaries C. Veins D. Lymphatic vessels

2. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? A. Removing excess fluid from the blood B. Absorbing lipids from the small intestines C. Returning fluid from the interstitial areas back to the blood stream D. Filtering lymph to remove foreign organisms and particulates.

3. What helps circulate the lymph (fluid) through the lymph vessels? A. Ventricular contraction B. Skeletal muscle contractions C. Exhalation D. Lymphatic vessel contraction

4. Before Juba’s leg became affected by this disorder, the lymph would have passed first through which nodes? A. Cervical B. Axillary C. Inguinal D. Mediastinal

1. Consider two blood vessels that have the same length and resistance. Given these pressure
differentials along their lengths, which one will have the greatest flow? Why?
Vessel 1: P1 = 100 mmHg, P2 = 25 mmHg
Vessel 2: P1 = 500 mmHg, P2 = 400 mmHg

2. A healthy student requires a cardiac output of 4000mL per minute to support resting activity. The interval between beats is 0.8 secs.

In moderate exercise, such as walking, the student’s heart rate climbed to 135BPM, end diastolic volume decreased to 100mL and ejection fraction was 80%.

i. What is cardiac output?

ii. Why would end diastolic volume decline under these circumstances?

iii. What other changes may occur with exercise?

Physiology, Respiratory system

Under resting conditions, approximately 25% of the oxygen is extracted from the oxygenated blood into the tissues to maintain their basal metabolic need.  Describe (with all the possible mechanisms) how an individual can increase the unloading of oxygen from the oxygenated blood into the working tissues during exercise. (Worth 15 marks)

Please answer it so its worth about 15 marks

Why do you think that the intestines have one of the body’s most well-developed sets of lymphoid tissues?

Short Answer

1. Mention three factors that affect the respiratory frequency.

i.

ii.

iii.

2.  Mention three physiological effects on the body that occurs at high temperatures

i.

ii.

iii.

3. Mention three physiological effects on the body that occurs at cold temperatures

i.

ii.

iii.

** Can I get the similarity and differences of the terms to seperasted by two parts like "A. Similarities:", and "B. Differences" **Also this is due tonight by midnight so I need it asap please :)

1. calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatitie) crystals – collagen

3. periosteum - endosteum

4. epiphyseal plate - epiphyseal line

5. red marrow - yellow marrow

6. osteoblast - osteoclast

7. articular cartilage - synovial membrane

8. epiphysis - diaphysis

9. synarthrosis – diarthrosis 1

0. axial skeleton – appendicular skeleton

Answer each of the following briefly:

a) Compare the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

b) Describe the three phases of digestion - cephalic, gastric and intestinal.

thank you!

3) Answer each of the following briefly:

a) Describe male reproductive anatomy, and the pathway sperm take as the semen forms.

b) Describe the female reproductive anatomy and the pathway the ovum takes from development to implantation or menstruation.

c) Describe the phases of the menstrual cycle.

d) Describe sexual intercourse, the cellular processes of fertilization and the stages of pregnancy.

thank you

2) Answer each of the following:

a) Describe the purpose and mechanism of action for aldosterone.

b) Describe how changes in osmolarity and blood pressure and volume are regulated by angiotensin and atrial natiuretic peptide.

c) Describe how pH is maintained in the proximal and distal tubules of the kidneys.

Thank you