In the EOG module, we explored how myasthenia gravis results in problems in nerve conduction. How does the mechanism for reduced nerve conduction in myasthenia gravis compare to the mechanism resulting in reduced nerve conduction that we see in multiple sclerosis?  

1. What are the functions of endocrine system.

2. Compare and contrast exocrine from endocrine glands. Give examples for each.

3. What are hormones and their functions.

4. List and explain 11 eleven glands (indicating the hormones each gland secretes).

Kinesiology Class 101

1. Place the following in order (arising from the renal artery and ending at the glomerulus). Interlobar artery, interlobular artery, segmental artery, arcuate artery, afferent arteriole.

2. Know specifically what and where is the external urinary sphincter.

3. During urine production the following processes take place. Define them-for each process, what way are substances moving? Into or out of the filtrate): 1. filtration (also what is the pressure gradient) 2. reabsorption 3. secretion

Define circulatory shock. Explain what hypovolemic shock is and list the ways a person may suffer from hypovolemic shock. Describe the mechanisms the body initiates in an attempt to compensate for shock, and how these mechanisms have the potential to maintain blood flow homeostasis.

Aldosterone promotes Na+ retention and K+ loss because when aldosterone levels increase, there is a low Na+ or high K+ concentration in the blood. Review the Clinical Investigation: Primary Aldosteronism, Conn’s Syndrome and complete the interactivities.

Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow.

Karen is a 43-year-old lawyer with mild hypertension treated with an angiotensin receptor blocker. She visited her physician complaining of muscle weakness, headaches, frequent urination, and unusually great thirst. Her blood pressure—particularly her diastolic pressure—was significantly elevated. The physician noted the absence of edema, and the presence of more PVCs (premature ventricular contractions) in her ECG than she had previously shown. Her urine sample displayed proteinuria and was slightly alkaline, and her blood test revealed that she had hypokalemia (low plasma K+ concentration). More specialized blood tests measuring plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration were ordered. After these results were obtained, the physician ordered a test in which plasma aldosterone concentration was measured before and after Karen drank a saline solution to determine the effects of sodium loading. The physician subsequently requested that Karen obtain an abdominal CT scan. Karen had significant diastolic hypertension without edema, hypokalemia, polyuria, and polydipsia (great thirst and drinking). Her urine sample was slightly alkaline, and her specialized blood tests indicated an abnormally high ratio of plasma aldosterone to renin activity. When a sodium-loading test was performed, in which Karen drank a saline solution, her plasma aldosterone concentration remained elevated. The physician requested an abdominal CT scan, which showed a mass in her right adrenal gland.

QUESTIONS

1. How do the kidneys handle potassium, and how is this regulated?

2. What is polyuria, and why might Karen have polyuria and polydipsia?

3. Why would Karen’s urine be slightly alkaline?

4. What is the normal relationship between plasma renin and aldosterone?

5. How would plasma renin and aldosterone levels normally respond to sodium loading?

6. What is the likely explanation for Karen’s symptoms?

List the route of "Sally" sugar molecule from the pasta on a fork to its providing nutrition to the cardiac muscle. This is JUST a list of structures [from the mouth to where the food is absorbed into the blood to the muscle]. Be complete.

1. Patients with a specific shared brain lesion have a specific set of behavioral deficits. Does this show that this brain area is necessary for that behavior, sufficient, neither, or both? What do we mean by a visual object agnosia?

2. What are some tests you would give to a patient to try to diagnose or rule out this condition?

3. Describe an experiment that would illustrate the function of the amygdala in emotional processing.

1. What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
2. Which group of neurotransmitters is more likely to act on ionotropic receptors, and which is more likely to act on metabotropic receptors?
3. Name one similarity and one difference between nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and one similarity and one difference between AMPA and NMDA receptors.
4. Name a disease that is due in part to too little dopamine, and a disease that is due in part to too much dopamine in the brain. What does these tell us about one of dopamine’s function in the brain?