Discuss venous retrun. Be sure: to define venous return and explain the importance of venous return to cardiac output. What determines venous return? Discuss each way that venous return. Discuss each separately and make clear how each helps deterimine venous return.

4. What products from the liver and pancreas in the cat are secreted into the duodenum? What macromolecules are digested in the small intestine?

Which of the breathing patterns would you expect to have the following results? Circle the appropriate answer.

- Increased systemic artery P_CO2

Hypernea/ Hyperventilation/ Hypoventilation     

- Decreased systemic artery P_CO2

Hypernea/ Hyperventilation/ Hypoventilation

- Increased systemic artery pH

Hypernea/ Hyperventilation/ Hypoventilation

- Decreased systemic artery pH

Hypernea/ Hyperventilation/ Hypoventilation

- Increased systemic artery P_O2

Hypernea/ Hyperventilation/ Hypoventilation

- Decreased systemic artery P_O2

Hypernea/ Hyperventilation/ Hypoventilation

One of the outcomes of the case of Thalidomide in the U.S. was that pregnant women and women of reproductive age became a new population for regulatory and public scrutiny. In at least 200 words consider some of the possible repercussions of this regulatory/public scrutiny for this population. In your response, address the following questions: How does understanding that drugs can cross the placental barrier and act as teratogens potentially lead to blame for pregnant women or women of reproductive age? What kind of social and or moral implications could potentially come along with the scrutiny of this population?

1. What role did the gastrointestinal system play in altering the osmolarity of the plasma for the varying beverage tonicities (hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic)? Compare and contrast the differences in gastric fluid osmolarity, plasma osmolarity, and plasma volume between the subjects ingesting a hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic beverage. Recall that the body maintains plasma osmolarity between 280mOsm and 300mOsm.

Explain sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous system and give examples.

PLEASE JUST THE SPECFIC ANSWERS- DON'T NEED EXPLENATIONS- JUST THE ANSWERS

1. Which structural level of organization encompasses the entire body and all levels of organization within it?
2. What is composed of two or more different types of tissues?
3. The respiratory system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to the blood. What does it transfer from the blood to exhaled air?
4. Which system of the human body breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients?
5. Which of the following is a component of the lymphatics system? 1- Epididymides 2- thymus 3- parathyroid gland 4- gallbladder
6. Which system of the human body houses the cells that produce blood cells?
7. Which system of the human body releases hormones to regulate body activities?
8. The urinary system includes which of the following components? 1- Urethra 2- Uterus 3- Uterine tubes 4- Thymus
9. Which of the following systems produce sounds via air passing out of the lungs through the vocal cords? 1- Nervous 2- Integumentary 3-Lymphatic 4- Respiratory
10. The muscular system includes which type of voluntarily controlled muscle tissue? 1- cardiovascular 2- Skeleton
11. Within the thoracic cavity, which of the following is the space surrounding the heart? 1- Pericardial cavity 2- pleural cavity 3- mediastinum 4- diaphragm
12. Which of the following organs is included in the pelvic cavity? 1- Urinary bladder 2- Liver 3- kidney 4- Spleen
13. In the system of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions, what line is drawn through the midpoint of the left clavicle, just medial to the left nipple?
14. Which of the following is the dome-shaped structure separating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? 1- Mediastinum 2- Diaphragm 3- Pericardium 4- Pleura
15. The protective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord are known as what?
16. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity and what?
17. Which of the following is a term for one of the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity? 1- Mediastinum 2- Right upper quadrant 3- Hypogastric 4- parietal
18. Within the thoracic cavity, what is the term for the spaces surrounding the lungs?
19. What type of movement is characterized by an increase in the angle between the articulating bones of a synovial joint?
20. What type of movement is characterized by a lateral movement of the sole of the foot, away from the midline?
21. Which directional term means on the opposite side of the body from another structure?
22. Which directional term means nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or nearer to the origination of a structure?
23. A transverse plane is also known as what?
24. Which directional term means on the same side of the body as another structure?
25. Which directional term, also known as DORSAL, means nearer to or at the back of the body?
26. Which movement is characterized by a decrease in the angle between the articulating bones of a synovial joint?
27. Which movement is characterized by a movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly, a position that is one of the defining features of the anatomical position?
28. A midsagittal plane is also known as what?
29. Which movement is characterized by the movement of a body part in a circle?
30. Which regions of the upper limb is also known as the fingers?
31. The spinal column is also known as what region?
32. The sternal region is a component of which body regions?
33. Which region of the lower limb is also known as the space behind the knee?
34. The cheeks are also known as which region?
35. The chest is also known as which region?
36. The cranial and facial regions are parts of which major region of the body?
37. The region known as the lower limb is attached to the trunk and includes a thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and what?
38. Which of region of the upper limb is also known as the forearm?
39. Which region is also known as the navel?
40. The eyes are also known as what region?

An athlete with a mass of 70 kg is performing a barbell back squat exercise with a load of 150 kg. From the starting position (position A), the athlete stands still prior to lowering their COM in the negative vertical direction at a rate of -1.45 m/s² (position B). Once they reach the bottom position, they hold the squat for 3 seconds (e.g. 0 m/s² – position C). After the 3 second period, the athlete raises their COM in the positive vertical direction at a rate of 2.55 m/s² (position D) back to the starting position. Solve for the net force at each position to allow the athlete to achieve the respective accelerations during the barbell back squat lift.

• Starting Position (position A): ____________________________

• Lowering COM (position B): _____________________________

• Holding at bottom for 3 seconds (position C): ______________________________________

• Raising the COM to starting position (position D): ___________________________

A person is performing walking gait trials across a laboratory. At heel strike the hip flexion angular velocity is 0.70 rad/s, knee flexion angular velocity is 4.15 rad/s, and ankle plantar flexion angular velocity is -0.70 rad/s. Additionally, moment of inertia of the hip is 0.70 kgm², moment of inertia of the knee is 0.90 kgm², and moment of inertia of the ankle is 1.00 kgm². What is the sagittal plane angular momentum of the hip, knee, and ankle joints at heel strike?

• H_hip at heel strike: ____________________

• H_knee at heel strike: ___________________

• H_ankle at heel strike: __________________

Once this person transitions through the stance phase to toe off (e.g. propulsion) the hip flexion angular velocity increases to 3.15 rad/s, knee flexion angular velocity is 4.95 rad/s, and ankle plantar flexion angular velocity is –8.10 rad/s. If we assume gait velocity is constant during the stance phase, what is the moment of inertia of the hip (mass of femur = 8.50 kg), knee (mass of shank = 2.60 kg), and ankle (mass of foot = 0.82 kg) at toe off? Furthermore, what is the radius of gyration of the hip, knee, and ankle at toe off?

• I_hip at toe off: ____________________

• I_knee at toe off: ___________________

• I_ankle at toe off: __________________

• K_hip at toe off: ____________________

• K_knee at toe off: ___________________

• K_ankle at toe off: __________________

Describe an ELISA test to detect the presence of HIV antibodies in a patient.

Describe the central nervous system and its anatomical and physiological components i.e. neurons, glial cells, etc. Be able to discuss the structure and function of the brain and its various structures i.e. Limbic System, RAS, Memory, Cerebrum, Cerebellum, mid-brain, hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, pons, medulla, etc. Discuss how the lateralization of function is important with movement, reflexes, senses, etc. Discuss the various conditions and diseases that can cause damage to the CNS.

Describe the peripheral nervous system and its anatomical and physiological components i.e. neurons, glial cells, etc. Discuss how the PNS is important in maintaining homeostasis. Describe the difference between motor and sensory neurons. Discuss a few import nerves in the body i.e. Radial, Medial, Sciatic, and more etc. Discuss the various conditions and diseases of the PNS.

Be able to describe the structure of skeletal muscle, the proteins involved, how they contract and what leads to the initiation of contraction and relaxation of the muscle. Describe how muscles are named, give several examples of uniquely named muscles. Describe how muscles must work in agonistic and antagonistic ways to support movement. Discuss the different muscle fiber types, and how they contribute to strength and endurance. Describe the other muscle types (cardiac and smooth) compare and contrast the similarities and dissimilarities with skeletal muscle.