Answer the following:

1. Recognize the 5 strata and their functions
2. Recognize the hormones that act on the skin and its functions.
3. Recognize the structures that form part of the subcutaneous layer or hipodermis and its functions.
4. Recognize the cells that form the bones and its functions:
a) ostecytes
b) osteoblasts
c) Osteoprogenitor
d) osteoclasts
5. Function of the skull and its categories of the bones that predominate in the skull.

The function of the prostate gland is?

A. To produce a fluid that activates the sperm

B. To secrete a thick, sticky, alkaline mucus for lubrication

C. To produce acid and alkaline secretions

D. To secrete seminal fluid with a distinctive ionic and nutrient composition  

E. none of the choices are correct

(2) What is “Brainbow”? How does the system work? If you wanted to understand the neuronal connections that are responsible for coordinating voluntary motor function which cell type would you label with brainbow? What specific transgenes would you use?

1. In people with diabetes mellitus type 1, explain the reason for ketoacidosis and ketonuria.
2. Compare the effects of hypocalcemia on cardiac and skeletal muscle, and explain the rationale for each.
3. Explain the function of vitamin D and the possible effects of a deficit of this vitamin.
4. List several factors that would predispose a pregnant woman with diabetes to cystitis.
5. Explain how decreased fluid intake or dehydration predisposes to calculi in the urinary tract.
6. Why is there an increased risk of drug toxicity in the later stages of renal failure?
7. List the factors predisposing patients to testicular cancer.
8. Differentiate the following terms from one another: dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and menorrhagia.
9. Compare the early manifestations of chlamydial infection, syphilis, and genital herpes.
10. Explain why genital herpes tends to recur.

Alex wants to win “The Arnold” body building contest. Describe the skeletal muscle and cardiovascular adaptations that occur with resistance training. Comment on molecular mechanisms of protein synthesis and degradation. After getting large muscles and winning “The Arnold”, Alex then decides to embrace cardiovascular endurance training. Describe the skeletal muscle and cardiovascular adaptations following endurance training. Comment on morphological changes as well as make conclusions about overall health.

• Where and when did these two fossil species (Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis)  live?
• Why is Homo neanderthalensis considered a different species from Homo heidelbergensis? List the specific features that make these two hominins different species

describe why the loop of Henle is a loop, not a straight line include what substances can leave what sections and the effects that has on both water and salt reabsorption?

Put together a one page “cheat sheet” focusing on comparing elephants to humans. Include at least one picture with each system to help illustrate your answers.

Digestive System

• How does this animal get its food? How does that compare to humans?

• What organs of the digestive system are different in this animal? How are they different, and how does that relate to how this organism gets it food?

Urinary System

• How does the structure of the urinary system in this animal compare to humans?

• One of the major functions of the urinary system is osmotic balance in an organism. What environment does this animal live in and how does that influence how its urinary system works?

describe the reabsorption of NA: how it is achieved structurally and its importance to other substances?

1. Increased ventilation during exercise is primary caused by

1. Changes in the pO2
2. Changes in the pCO2
3. Neurogenic stimulus from the cortex
4. All of the above

2. Functional Residual Capacity is?

            a. Extra volume of air that can be expelled during a maximal exhalation

            b. The volume of air left in the lungs after normal breath

            c. The minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration

            d. The volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration

3. Central Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in

            a. pCO2

            b. pO2

            c. Concentration of H+

            d. None of the above

4. What kind of breathing will result in normal pulmonary ventilation but no alveolar ventilation?

            a. Normal breathing

            b. Rapid shallow breaths (hyperventilation)

            c. Slow deep breaths

            d. Breathing during exercise

5. Larry's Heart rate is 120bpm, left ventricular end-diastolic volume is 113mL and left ventricular end-systolic volume is 9mL. What is Larry's Cardiac Output in L/min?      

            a. 12.48 L/min

            b. 11.08L/min

            c. 1359mL/min

            d. 9.00L/min

3. Which receptors are responsible for short term regulation of MAP?

            a. Carotid Sinus Receptors Only

            b. Aortic Arch Receptors Only

            c. Central Chemorecptors Only

            d. A&B

            e. A&C

            f. B&C

2. Gases bind to which portion of hemoglobin?

            a. Heme iron containing portion

            b. Globin Portion

            c. Gases don’t bind to Hemoglobin

            d. They don’t bind to a specific portion

1. AV node is located at the base of the right atrium near the septum and can takeover duties of the SA node if damaged

            a. True

            b. False

1. (2pts) What is the difference between absolute and relative muscular endurance? Use an example to explain the difference.

2. (1pt) What is the goal of the McGill torso test?

Describe the features of G-protein coupled receptors in which show drugs or ligand that -act as an agonist and antagonist at those receptor types.

Analyze the possibilities nutritional consequences of achlorhydria in the edentulous elderly client and suggest possible interventions.

Why does cor pulmonale develop with chronic pulmonary disease?

A. demands on the left ventricle are excessive

B. the right ventricle pumps more blood than the left ventricle

C. too much blood comes back from the lungs

D. pulmonary fibrosis and vasoconstriction increase vascular resistance E. thrombosis occurs in pulmonary circulation