Please talk about what occurs to attain a fever. What is your body responding to? How can a fever be beneficial? How can it be treated?

Some urine has been formed by kidney nephrons. Follow that urine through the remaining kidney and urinary system structrures. Describe how urine is stored, and how micturition occurs.

Choose 3 cranial nerves. Tell me if they are sensory, motor or mixed, their number, their location, and their function in detail. Tell me why you chose the 3 cranial nerves you did and why you think they are unique or important or interesting to you. Type one-one 1/2 pages-double spaced.

How does vasomotor tone differ from vagal tone; how does each one influence MAP?

In your own words, what would you say to the patient? Please be sure you cover everything that was seen in his lungs, heart and adrenal glands. DO NOT use medical terminology. You need to discuss calcifications, adrenal adenomas, the coronary artery, cardiomegaly, lymph nodes, and all of the nodules that were listed (mediastinal, pretracheal, precarinal, subcarinal) and the fact that intravenous contrast is now being recommended.

CT OF THE CHEST WITHOUT CONTRAST HISTORY: Shortness of breath. FINDINGS: CT examination of the chest was performed without intravenous contrast enhancement. Median sternotomy has been performed with dense calcifications of the coronary arteries and calcific plaque formation in the aortic arch. There is mild cardiomegaly. The upper pole of the right thyroid lobe demonstrates a 0.8 x 0.6 cm nodule. No enlarged axillary or supraclavicular lymph nodes are evident. There are numerous enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, including a 1.4 x 1.1 cm pretracheal node on image #17, a 1.9 x 1.7 cm precarinal node on image #24 with marginal calcification, and a 2.1 x 1.6 cm AP window node on image #23. There is a nodal conglomerate in the subcarinal region, which measures 4 x 2 cm. Bilateral hilar adenopathy is present but this is difficult to accurately measure without intravenous contrast to delineate between hilar vasculature and nodal structures. There are a few small ill-defined nodules within the left upper lobe which measure 2-3 mm in diameter. The posterior superior portion of the left lower lobe contains a 1.2 x 0.4 cm pleural plaque (image #38). In both the posterior right base and superior segment of the right lower lobe, there is atelectasis. The aortic descent and visualized portions of the abdominal aorta show moderate calcified plaque formation. No pleural effusion is evident. Within the visualized abdomen, the adrenal glands are both enlarged, measuring 2.1 x 2.5 cm on the left and 1.9 x 3 cm on the right. The adrenals show homogenous low attenuation compatible with bilateral adrenal adenomas. There are numerous bilateral nonobstructive renal calculi. No abdominal nodal enlargement is evident in the visualized portions of the abdomen. IMPRESSION: 1. There is widespread bilateral hilar and mediastinal nodal enlargement. At least some of these nodes show both internal and marginal calcifications, which may suggest a granulomatous process. Further evaluation, which could include both followup and additional evaluation for other enlarged lymph nodes within the body, is suggested. 2. Bilateral low attenuation enlargement of the adrenal glands. This may represent bilateral adrenal adenomas. 3. Evidence of prior surgery of the chest with extensive bilateral coronary artery calcifications. 4. Mild to moderate calcified plaque formation of the descending aorta.

Outline how a concentrated urine (what enters the renal pelvis) is formed as the filtrate flows through the Loop of Henle and then the Collecting Duct.

Given the equation for glomerular filtration {GFR = Kf [(Pg – Pb) – (Πg - Πb)]} explain how each factor in the equation impacts glomerular filtration

1 a. Describe the flow of blood to the kidney, to a nephron, and back to the Vena Cava.

b. Describe the flow of filtrate and the processes it undergoes between the nephron and the urinary bladder.

explain in detail how the endocrine system is reacting during these given situations to bring the body back to homeostasis or may be causing adverse physiological effects.

Jane was riding her horse on a warm sunny day (101 degrees Fahrenheit) when suddenly her horse stopped and reared up in the air. Jane was not prepared for this and fell hard backwards into the ground. As she hit the ground Jane's leg was gashed open by a large, sharp boulder that she fell next to. Jane began to bleed severely. Jane's pulse seems to be low and her respiratory rate is at 22 bpm.

2. What would you expect to happen to plasma osmolarity after consuming each of these drinks? Explain why you expect an increase, decrease or no change in osmolarity.

1. Group 1 (water)

2. Group 2 (Gatorade / isotonic sports drink)

3. Group 3 (salty broth)

3. What would you expect to happen to the volume of urine produced after consuming hypo- or hypertonic drinks? Explain why you expect an increase, decrease or no change in urine volume.

1. Group 1 (water)

2. Group 2 (Gatorade / isotonic sports drink)

3. Group 3 (salty broth)

How would the volume measurements (tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity) change when one's at rest compared to when one's exercising?

Spot, a 19 year old family pet, just left spittle, meow mix and a big fur ball. Explain the physiological basis for Fluffy’s action.

What morphometric factors would/could affect vital capacity?

If vital capacity was reduced, but tidal volume remained the same for an individual, how would it affect them? Would they notice at rest? If not, why not, and when might they notice the VC reduction?

Can I get some help with these questions?

The sympathetic nervous system uses epinephrine, or adrenaline, as a neurotransmitter and a hormone to exert its effects. These effects are often described as "fight or flight".

Answer the following prompt: Epi-pens, which contain epinephrine, are used in people who are having severe allergic reactions. Specifically, these are used to improve breathing problems. Why do you think epinephrine helps in this case? What are two other effects an epi-pen may have as a side effect?  Would injecting the epi-pen be more similar to our body using epinephrine as a hormone or a neurotransmitter?Why?