Explain the extrinsic regulation of GFR. Explain how an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril would be effective as an antihypertensive.nnn

Rachael has been complaining of frequent and burning urination. She also reported seeing some blood in her urine. Her physician suspects cystitis. What is cystitis? How could she have got cystitis? Explain the anatomy of the urinary bladder in detail.

1. The membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+:

a. At resting membrane potential

b. During the depolarization phase of an action potential

c. After a neurotransmitter in an excitatory synapse binds to the postsynaptic cell

d. More than one of the above is correct

2. During an action potential, the depolarization of the neuron membrane is the result of:

a. Sodium moving into the cell

b. Potassium moving into the cell

c. Sodium moving out of the cell

d. Potassium moving out of the cell

3. Phoneutriatoxin, produced by the banana spider, slows the closing of the voltage-gated sodium channels. which of the following is the best prediction of how action potentials would be impacted if an individual is poisoned with this toxin?

a) no action potentials would occur at all

b) the action potential would be shorter in time and smaller in magnitude

c) the ability to fire action potentials in rapid succession would be decreased

4. Assume that normal potassium concentration in the ICF is 140 mM, and that normal potassium concentration in the ECF is 4 mM. If the potassium concentration in the extracellular fluid of the brain decreases to 2 mM, neural activity in the brain would:

a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change

What would happen if the follicle could not produce Theca cells?

1) Ovulation would not occur.

2) Granulosa cells would not be able to produce androstenedione.

3) FSH would no longer be able to signal to granulosa cells.

4) All of the above.

Which of the following is TRUE?

1) Fatty acids released in response to increased levels of glucagon can be used as an alternative fuel source for muscles.

2) Cell membranes are very permeable to glucose, making it a good fuel source.

3) The SYN stimulates glucose diffusion into muscle cells.

4) Long exhaustive exercise causes reduced amino acid levels in the blood.

1. What do the pre-fixes hyper -, hypo- and iso- mean specifically with respect to homeostatically controlled varibales in the extracellular fluid.

2. Hyper-:

   Hypo-:

   Iso-:

   Choose one electrolyte of the extracellular fluid that is homeostatically controlled and explain what the consequences are of not being able to maintain isotonic values (you can use flow diagrams).

Describe the importance of the renin-Ang II-aldosterone system. Identify the effects of Ang II. Identify the effects of aldosterone and its mechanism of action.

You have a patient with an aggressive tumor that needs treatment right away, but to determine the correct treatment you need to discover the cause of the cancer. You have two hypotheses to consider. (1) The tumor is caused by a viral oncogene consisting of an active viral gene fused with the coding region of the DVL1 gene (the human homolog of the Drosophila Dsh gene). (2) The tumor cells have two loss of function point mutations that alter the structure of the BRCA1 protein product and render the protein nonfunctional. Each type of tumor responds well to only one specific treatment.

a. What test or tests would you do to determine which is the correct cause of this tumor?

b. What results would you expect from your test or tests for each?

c. Explain to the patient (who is not a scientist) how these results have helped you decide which treatment to use.  

.Discuss conduction of an impulse along a polarized nerve and transmission from and integrative neuron to a muscle fiber.

Explain the process of pulmonary ventilation. How do normal inspiration and expiration occur? Use the term volume and pressure changes that occur and how they occur in your discussion.

Describe how ventilation is regulated by six different neural (sensory and autorhythmic), chemical, and higher brain (conscious/emotional) inputs. Explain the responses to and the results of each of these regulatory signals.

Describe the major activities during each phase of GI function: Cephalic/Oral, Gastric, Intestinal (Small and Large Intestines). Trace the passage of food in order through each section of the anatomical regions.

discuss how parathyroid hormone (PTH) maintains normal blood calcium ion concentration?