What are the proportions of ICF and ECF

1.Discuss the composition of bones and name the 5 types of bone.

2. Discuss the axial skeleton: composition, regions, and its elements. Please add reference

1. In addition to energy needs, cancer cells also need metabolic intermediates for biosynthesis. Explain how increased reliance on glycolysis would be beneficial in this respect.
2. Glycolysis offers a growth advantage to cancers growing under hypoxic conditions. Why might this be the case? (Hint: what is the product of anaerobic glycolysis?)
3. A decrease in oxidative phosphorylation also leads to a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Why might this be an advantage for cancer cells?

Plz write in your own text and don't copy answers that was answered before since my teacher has (Plagiarism checker) thank you

1. Describe the movements of transverse adduction and flexion for the pectoralis major and biceps brachii muscles.

2. How did adding more rubber bands affect the strength of each joint that each "muscle" moved?

​​​​​​​3. How does the addition of the rubber bands affect the range of motion of the joint?

4. The biceps brachii and the pectoralis major muscles both cross the shoulder. How does each muscle affect the movement of the shoulder?

1. Another highly regulated enzyme in glycolysis is phosphofructokinase (PFK1). There is evidence from some tumors that PFK1 undergoes a posttranslational proteolysis that yields a truncated functional enzyme (47 kD vs 85 kD) that is insensitive to citrate and ATP. How might this work and why would it be beneficial for a tumor cell?
2. Several isoforms of pyruvate kinase (PK) exist, including PK-M2 which exists mainly in embryonic and adult stem cells. PK-M2 has also been found in many tumor cells, but is in an inactive state. Explain why this seemingly counter-intuitive discovery is actually a benefit for tumor cells.
3. What is the normal function of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)?
4. PDK is more active in cancer cells than regular cells due to the presence of the HIF-1a transcription factor. Why is increased activity of PDK beneficial to cancer cells?

Briefly describe how the intrinsic excitability (i.e. Na_Vs & K_Vs) of a neuron determines its action potential waveform shape and inactivation period

1. Identify two other systems that are closely related to the respiratory system. You should describe the anatomical relationship, as well as the functional relationship between your two chosen systems and the respiratory system.

2. Identify the primary differences in the way that oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported within the blood.

1. How do persons who want to lose weight, adjust their nutrition and exercise programs.
2. How do persons who want to gain weight, adjust their nutrition and exercise programs.
3. Which would you like to do and why?

Name the diseases most commonly found in a patient diagnosed with an obstructive disorder and in a patient diagnosed with a restrictive disorder. Describe some pathological effects that each disease possesses.

How should blood osmolarity (concentration) change after drinking a large volume of pure water?

How do the kidneys respond to this change in terms of rate of urine production and urine specific gravity?

Please discuss cellular growth and development?

1.Name the cranial nerves tested and the extraocular muscles tested when the subject is asked to follow the eraser on a pencil as you move it in a one foot circle, two feet from their face.

2.

Define corneal–retinal potential (CRP) and explain its relation to electrooculography and the electrooculogram.

Imagine someone going from a shoulder width standing double leg stance position to a single leg stance position. Please describe what happens to their base of support as well as their center of gravity, and where the line of gravity moves to.

Please explain what muscles (at least one that crosses each joint in the kinetic chain) have to work harder in this single leg stance position.

Lastly, pick one of these muscles and explain why it has to work harder in single leg stance, include in this explanation its moment arm relative to the line of of gravity.