1. What are the major hormones of the duodenum and their roles?

2. Compare and contrast the large vs small intestine (2 alike, 2 different seems good)

3. Describe lactose intolerance and its treatment / management

Name two populations or situations you think the BESS test would be well suited? Why?

1. Explain what cells produce HCl in the body and how they do it

2. What would likely happen to someone who has a large, fatty meal soon after they have had the gall bladder removed and why

3. What are the 3 parts of the small intestine called? Which is most likely to have the least total number of bacteria and why?

How does the pancreas control glucose levels?

1. In all mammals except for humans physical and chemical digestion begins where? Why are humans the exception?

2. Write these in the order of innermost (touching digesting food) to outermost (touching the inside of your body) and provide a brief description of each: connective tissue, epithelium, layer of muscle (thin), layer of muscle (thick) submucosa, subserosa, serosa

3. What are segmentation, peristalsis and reverse peristalsis and what is each used for in the body

Explain the extrinsic regulation of GFR. Explain how an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril would be effective as an antihypertensive.nnn

Rachael has been complaining of frequent and burning urination. She also reported seeing some blood in her urine. Her physician suspects cystitis. What is cystitis? How could she have got cystitis? Explain the anatomy of the urinary bladder in detail.

1. The membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+:

a. At resting membrane potential

b. During the depolarization phase of an action potential

c. After a neurotransmitter in an excitatory synapse binds to the postsynaptic cell

d. More than one of the above is correct

2. During an action potential, the depolarization of the neuron membrane is the result of:

a. Sodium moving into the cell

b. Potassium moving into the cell

c. Sodium moving out of the cell

d. Potassium moving out of the cell

3. Phoneutriatoxin, produced by the banana spider, slows the closing of the voltage-gated sodium channels. which of the following is the best prediction of how action potentials would be impacted if an individual is poisoned with this toxin?

a) no action potentials would occur at all

b) the action potential would be shorter in time and smaller in magnitude

c) the ability to fire action potentials in rapid succession would be decreased

4. Assume that normal potassium concentration in the ICF is 140 mM, and that normal potassium concentration in the ECF is 4 mM. If the potassium concentration in the extracellular fluid of the brain decreases to 2 mM, neural activity in the brain would:

a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change

What would happen if the follicle could not produce Theca cells?

1) Ovulation would not occur.

2) Granulosa cells would not be able to produce androstenedione.

3) FSH would no longer be able to signal to granulosa cells.

4) All of the above.

Which of the following is TRUE?

1) Fatty acids released in response to increased levels of glucagon can be used as an alternative fuel source for muscles.

2) Cell membranes are very permeable to glucose, making it a good fuel source.

3) The SYN stimulates glucose diffusion into muscle cells.

4) Long exhaustive exercise causes reduced amino acid levels in the blood.

1. What do the pre-fixes hyper -, hypo- and iso- mean specifically with respect to homeostatically controlled varibales in the extracellular fluid.

2. Hyper-:

   Hypo-:

   Iso-:

   Choose one electrolyte of the extracellular fluid that is homeostatically controlled and explain what the consequences are of not being able to maintain isotonic values (you can use flow diagrams).