Describe the importance of the renin-Ang II-aldosterone system. Identify the effects of Ang II. Identify the effects of aldosterone and its mechanism of action.

You have a patient with an aggressive tumor that needs treatment right away, but to determine the correct treatment you need to discover the cause of the cancer. You have two hypotheses to consider. (1) The tumor is caused by a viral oncogene consisting of an active viral gene fused with the coding region of the DVL1 gene (the human homolog of the Drosophila Dsh gene). (2) The tumor cells have two loss of function point mutations that alter the structure of the BRCA1 protein product and render the protein nonfunctional. Each type of tumor responds well to only one specific treatment.

a. What test or tests would you do to determine which is the correct cause of this tumor?

b. What results would you expect from your test or tests for each?

c. Explain to the patient (who is not a scientist) how these results have helped you decide which treatment to use.  

.Discuss conduction of an impulse along a polarized nerve and transmission from and integrative neuron to a muscle fiber.

Explain the process of pulmonary ventilation. How do normal inspiration and expiration occur? Use the term volume and pressure changes that occur and how they occur in your discussion.

Describe how ventilation is regulated by six different neural (sensory and autorhythmic), chemical, and higher brain (conscious/emotional) inputs. Explain the responses to and the results of each of these regulatory signals.

Describe the major activities during each phase of GI function: Cephalic/Oral, Gastric, Intestinal (Small and Large Intestines). Trace the passage of food in order through each section of the anatomical regions.

discuss how parathyroid hormone (PTH) maintains normal blood calcium ion concentration?

Please talk about what occurs to attain a fever. What is your body responding to? How can a fever be beneficial? How can it be treated?

Some urine has been formed by kidney nephrons. Follow that urine through the remaining kidney and urinary system structrures. Describe how urine is stored, and how micturition occurs.

Choose 3 cranial nerves. Tell me if they are sensory, motor or mixed, their number, their location, and their function in detail. Tell me why you chose the 3 cranial nerves you did and why you think they are unique or important or interesting to you. Type one-one 1/2 pages-double spaced.

How does vasomotor tone differ from vagal tone; how does each one influence MAP?

In your own words, what would you say to the patient? Please be sure you cover everything that was seen in his lungs, heart and adrenal glands. DO NOT use medical terminology. You need to discuss calcifications, adrenal adenomas, the coronary artery, cardiomegaly, lymph nodes, and all of the nodules that were listed (mediastinal, pretracheal, precarinal, subcarinal) and the fact that intravenous contrast is now being recommended.

CT OF THE CHEST WITHOUT CONTRAST HISTORY: Shortness of breath. FINDINGS: CT examination of the chest was performed without intravenous contrast enhancement. Median sternotomy has been performed with dense calcifications of the coronary arteries and calcific plaque formation in the aortic arch. There is mild cardiomegaly. The upper pole of the right thyroid lobe demonstrates a 0.8 x 0.6 cm nodule. No enlarged axillary or supraclavicular lymph nodes are evident. There are numerous enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, including a 1.4 x 1.1 cm pretracheal node on image #17, a 1.9 x 1.7 cm precarinal node on image #24 with marginal calcification, and a 2.1 x 1.6 cm AP window node on image #23. There is a nodal conglomerate in the subcarinal region, which measures 4 x 2 cm. Bilateral hilar adenopathy is present but this is difficult to accurately measure without intravenous contrast to delineate between hilar vasculature and nodal structures. There are a few small ill-defined nodules within the left upper lobe which measure 2-3 mm in diameter. The posterior superior portion of the left lower lobe contains a 1.2 x 0.4 cm pleural plaque (image #38). In both the posterior right base and superior segment of the right lower lobe, there is atelectasis. The aortic descent and visualized portions of the abdominal aorta show moderate calcified plaque formation. No pleural effusion is evident. Within the visualized abdomen, the adrenal glands are both enlarged, measuring 2.1 x 2.5 cm on the left and 1.9 x 3 cm on the right. The adrenals show homogenous low attenuation compatible with bilateral adrenal adenomas. There are numerous bilateral nonobstructive renal calculi. No abdominal nodal enlargement is evident in the visualized portions of the abdomen. IMPRESSION: 1. There is widespread bilateral hilar and mediastinal nodal enlargement. At least some of these nodes show both internal and marginal calcifications, which may suggest a granulomatous process. Further evaluation, which could include both followup and additional evaluation for other enlarged lymph nodes within the body, is suggested. 2. Bilateral low attenuation enlargement of the adrenal glands. This may represent bilateral adrenal adenomas. 3. Evidence of prior surgery of the chest with extensive bilateral coronary artery calcifications. 4. Mild to moderate calcified plaque formation of the descending aorta.