Please explain if the following would INCREASE or DECREASE blood pressure and HOW:
a. Stress (from this exam) which stimulated the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine from your adrenal medulla -
b. The release of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) -
c. Arteriosclerosis –

Explain the importance of genetics in prenatal developmemt. Submit a 2-3 page paper on the about subject. The paper should follow APA guidelines and cite correctly.

1- What does a glucose tolerance test assess ? What is it an indirect measure of?
2- Why do blood glucose levels return to normal after 120 mins?

3- Explain the significance of an elevated 2hr post challenge glucose value.

2. Explain how lymph is formed. What would be the impact on lymph formation if the osmotic force at the venous end of the capillary was more successful at recovering fluid lost at the arterial end?

1. The causative organism of tuberculosis has a coat around it that makes it much more resistant than other bacteria to digestive enzymes and hydrogen peroxide. What can you say about this characteristic, and why is it more difficult for the body to fight off these bacteria?

3 . How would you explain how the various types of T cells can fine-tune the immune system?

4 . Why do you think the development of cancer can be seen as a failure of the immune system?

7 . If the genes that produce Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were abnormal, what effect might have on a person’s immunity?

For Amphetamines, opiates, barbiturates, and chloropromizine answer the following for each:

- Type of receptor it binds to. Ion channel recept or GPCRs, is it excitatory or inhibitory on postsynaptic cell.

- Identify the endogenous molecule that the drug is interacting with and how it changes its function.

-Discuss the changing synaptic transmission by drugs based on the neural circuits that are affected.

For Barbiturates answer the following:

- Type of receptor it binds to. Ion channel recept or GPCRs, is it excitatory or inhibitory on postsynaptic cell.

- Identify the endogenous molecule that the drug is interacting with and how it changes its function.

-Discuss the changing synaptic transmission by drugs based on the neural circuits that are affected.

14. If cancer cells from breast cancer enter the lymphatics of the breast, where are they likely to lodge and start new growths? Explain why, using your knowledge of the anatomy of the lymphatic and circulatory systems.

19. Explain why lymphedema may occur after breast surgery.

5. What is the function of interferon?

14. What are cytokines? Lymphotoxins?

10. Briefly, what role, if any, does each of the following hormones play when the body id subjected to stress: ACTH, ADH, aldosterone, cortisol, CRH, epinephrine, and norepinephrine?

A 70 kg man wants to lose 10 lb. His schedule allows him to exercise for 45 minutes on 3 days per week. His VO2 Max is 52ml/kg/min.  He says he can comfortably run on a treadmill for 45 minutes working at 70% of his VO2 Max. Prescribe what his workout should be (i.e. treadmill speed) if he works out on a treadmill. What would an equivalent work rate be if he has to use a cycle for the same amount of time.  How many weeks would it take for him to lose 10 lbs. given that 1lb = 3500 kcal?

Discuss one of the four parasympathetic outputs exiting out of the brainstem via cranial nerves.

Discuss a specific drug that affects the autonomic nervous system.

7. What type of motility pattern increases mechanical digestion?

A - segmentations in the small intestine

B - peristalsis in the colon

C - haustral churning in the large intestine

D - retropropulsion in the antrum