what does force regulation in a given muscle depend on (other than Cross-Bride formation)

Xin Xiao gets a text message from his dad from Guangzhou, who has a history of kidney stones, that a kidney stone has been found lodged in his the ureter associated with his right kidney. The resulted complete blockage of his right ureter, blocking the flow of urine out of the right kidney. What effect will this have on glomerular filtration rate for the kidney? Be specific as possible. How does this impact his left kidney AND does this have an overall impact on Xin Xiao’s dad’s urinary function (ie. Removal of wastes and urine production in general)?

Consider how all the factors contributing to MAP impact each other, and put the following parameters in order regarding cause and effect, starting with a reduction in blood volume (due to donating blood, for example), and moving through the compensatory mechanisms involved.

1. MAP is restored towards its set point

2. Heart rate, ventricular contractility, venous return, and TPR all increase

3. The sympathetic activity increases and parasympathetic activity decreases

4. Baroreceptor activity decreases

5. MAP decreases

6. Cardiac output decreases

7. Blood volume is reduced

8. Venous return decreases

9. EDV decreases

10. Stroke volume decreases

put in order

With sufficient research, describe the development and the different types of immunotherapy, as well as implications for the treatment of cancers. Please type answer.

Briefly explain the biphasic release of insulin into circulation. Include in your answer a description of the first and second phases.

QUESTION

Subject A consumed ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) and subject B consumed bicarbonate (NaHCO₃).

a) Using a flow chart of the negative feedback loops involved, (for subject A) explain the implications of ingesting ammonium chloride on the human body.

Include the initial changes in the pH and bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) of the plasma and the response of the kidney to these changes in terms of increases or decreases of:

• reabsorption of HCO₃^-
• regeneration of HCO₃^-
• excretion of HCO₃^-
• excretion of buffer-bound H⁺
• pH of the urine  

b) repeat part (a) for subject B

Thank you! :)

Some infants are born with a hole in the septum between the left and right ventricles called a VSD (ventricular septal defect). This enables blood to pass between the two ventricles. Considering that blood will always move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure, which of the following would be a consequence of this condition? (Note, consider these based solely on the condition, and not any subsequent compensatory mechanisms such as an increase in blood volume). Three options are correct.

Group of answer choices

Peripheral (systemic) oedema

Increased aortic pressure

Pulmonary hypotension

Pulmonary oedema

Decreased left heart ejection fraction

Decreased right heart EDV

Increased left ventricular EDV

Hans Dietz is a 25 year old male patient with a family history of Marfan Syndrome (MFS). He is generally well and enjoys attending regular fitness sessions in his local gymnasium. During a recent gym session, he experienced dizziness followed by a fainting episode. He presented at the emergency department and a new systolic murmur was heard. Mr Dietz subsequently underwent screening for cardiovascular abnormalities associated with his family history of Marfan Syndrome.

Question 1

The fibrous structure of the heart is comprised predominantly of connective tissue proteins.

Describe the microscopic composition of the layers of the mitral valve. Your answer must include a description of the connective tissue element, the cell types found in each layer and how the layers are arranged (i.e. their structure or architecture). (3 marks)            

Question 2

Upon further evaluation with an echocardiogram (cardiac ultrasound), Mr Dietz was found to have an enlarged (dilated) proximal ascending aorta, mitral valve prolapse with myxomatous changes and elongated chordae.

The patient was noted as having myxomatous changes in the mitral valve leaflets and associated elongation of the chordae tendineae. Explain what is meant by the term myxomatous changes. Your answer must include a description of the cellular and structural changes that occur within the valve. (2 marks)

Question 3

Where on the body would be the ideal position for the clinician to auscultate for a systolic murmur associated with the mitral valve? (2 marks)

Question 4

Describe the secondary complications (or consequences) that will occur as a result of the changes in the structure of the mitral valve in a patient with Marfan syndrome. Your answer should link to the clinical sign of the new systolic murmur noted in this patient. (3 marks)

(A). How do the 3 NICE recommendations from 2014 regarding exercise-referral differ from the corresponding recommendations issued by NICE in 2006?

(B). Define the term ‘translational research’, and use your understanding of this term to comment on the ongoing debate (as exemplified by the NICE recommendations mentioned above) regarding the efficacy of exercise-referral in clinical/public health settings.

1. A woman that is at risk of having a non-viable pregnancy may have to have blood draws frequently (every several days) at the beginning of her pregnancy to check for hormone levels. What hormone do you think is most likely being checked for, why? Draw a graph showing what normal levels of this hormone would look like and what hormones of a non-viable or at-risk pregnancy might look like.

1. In the table below, summarize the effect of sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation on the effectors in the first column. Thank you In Advance and I'll be sure to rate!

1. A certain cell type produces acid within the stomach. Name the cell and explain why these cells are not destroyed by acid they make.

2. You went to your favorite eatery and ordered the most expensive steak. While eating the delicious steak, a piece accidentally entered into your trachea instead of the esophagus. Explain how this event would affect your blood pH?

What physiological factors affect strength? What physiological factors affect power? (Provide at least 2 factors for strength and at least 2 for power)