1. What is the osmotic concentration of a solution containing 300 mM NaCl and 100 mM glucose? Is it iso-, hypo-, or hyper- osmolar?

2. Ocean water has a high salt concentration compared to body fluids. If you were adrift at sea drinking seawater will not help you, and may make you even more dehydrated! What explains this?

3.   What you predict the concentration of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in a T cell to be?

A.130 mM Na+, 3.5 mM K+, and 2.4 mM Ca2+

B.4 mM Na+, 70 mM K+, and 0.4 µM Ca2+

C. 140 mM, 5.2 mM, and 0.2 mM

D. 9.5 mM Na+, 140 mM K+, and 0.1 µM Ca2+

Carbohydrates are linked to diseases of lifestyle.  Discuss this statement in which it becomes clear how the risk of colorectal cancer can increase.

If the pulmonary capillary partial pressure of a gas equilibrates with that in the alveolus before the blood leaves the capillary (gas diffusing from the alveolar space to the capillary):

a. its transfer is said to be perfusion limited

b. its transfer is said to be diffusion limited

c. increasing the cardiac output will not increase the amount of of gas diffusing across the alveolar-capillary barrier

d. increasing the alveolar partial pressure of the gas will not increase the amount of the gas diffusing across the alveolar-capillary barrier

e. None of the above

How does the Loop of Henle create a concentration gradient in the mammalian kidney?

Describe how fluid movement in the semicircular canals alerts the brain to movement. APs travel down which cranial nerve during this process?

Explain the concept of specificity in the immune system using blood type interactions as an example. Define specificity in the context of immunity and relate this to interactions between different blood types during transfusions. Your answer should define and discuss antigens and antibodies in the ABO blood type system.

How does humoral immunity differ from cellular immunity & why are both necessary

What is the relationship between the left and right Doors of the Bishop Bernward at Hildesheim cathedral, in other words, not just what they depict, but how they relate to each other?

There can be more than one correct answer! Thanks

37. During the Cephalic and Gastric Phases of the control of stomach activity, what aspect of stomach activity is stimulated by similar controls?

A. acid secretion and pepsinogen secretion

B. pepsinogen secretion and gastric motility

C. acid secretion and gastric motility

D. gastric motility, acid secretion, and pepsinogen secretion

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38. Both long and short reflexes are present during the Gastric and the Intestinal Phases of the control of stomach activity.

A. True

B. False

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41. Secretin has what effect(s)?

A. decreases gastric emptying, motility, and secretion

B. increases HCO3 - secretion from bile duct cells

C. increases HCO3 - secretion from pancreatic duct cells

D. increases gastric emptying, motility, and secretion

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42. What is the frequency of segmentation, expressed in contractions per minute, in the duodenum?

A. 3

B. 6

C. 12

D. 24

There can be more than one correct answer! Thanks

7. How is glucose reabsorbed?

A. simple diffusion

B. co-transported with Na+

C. counter-transported with H+

D. actively transported

E. none of the above

8. The mechanism for the reabsorption of Na+ is similar in the

A. proximal and distal convoluted tubules

B. loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules

C. proximal convoluted tubules and cortical collecting ducts

D. cortical and medullary collecting ducts

E. Loop of Henle and proximal convoluted tubules

9. Aldosterone increases the

A. reabsorption of Na+

B. reabsorption of K+

C. secretion of Na+

D. secretion of K+

E. reabsorption of H2O

1. Compare and contrast cardiac and skeletal muscle in terms of electrical stimulus and action potentials (excitation-contraction coupling), role of calcium, energy use and production, and ways to develop increased force of contraction. How does the vulnerability of the myocardium relate to the fact that heart disease is the leading cause of death?

1

Which statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle is correct?

a)The luteinizing hormone surge stimulates the secondary oocyte to form a primary oocyte

b)Decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone cause a rush of luteinizing hormone to be released

c)The luteinizing hormone surge stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone

d)Progesterone is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism

2

Which events in the monthly female reproductive cycle occur simultaneously?

a)Menstruation and the estrogen surge

b)Endometrial proliferation and development of the vesicular follicle

c)Degeneration of the corpus luteum and increased LH and FSH secretion

d)The secretory phase in the uterus and decreased progesterone levels

How does in vitro fertilization create what is called "three-parent baby"?

Explain the the different events that take place during the ovarian and uterine cycle.

What is syphilis and how many stages does it have?

In a list format, provide the pathway of a water molecule from absorption into the systemic capillaries of the small intestines to its exit out the urethra. Be detailed in your list (i.e. do not just say it passes through the nephron, but rather list the segments of the nephron).