(A). How do the 3 NICE recommendations from 2014 regarding exercise-referral differ from the corresponding recommendations issued by NICE in 2006?

(B). Define the term ‘translational research’, and use your understanding of this term to comment on the ongoing debate (as exemplified by the NICE recommendations mentioned above) regarding the efficacy of exercise-referral in clinical/public health settings.

1. A woman that is at risk of having a non-viable pregnancy may have to have blood draws frequently (every several days) at the beginning of her pregnancy to check for hormone levels. What hormone do you think is most likely being checked for, why? Draw a graph showing what normal levels of this hormone would look like and what hormones of a non-viable or at-risk pregnancy might look like.

1. In the table below, summarize the effect of sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation on the effectors in the first column. Thank you In Advance and I'll be sure to rate!

1. A certain cell type produces acid within the stomach. Name the cell and explain why these cells are not destroyed by acid they make.

2. You went to your favorite eatery and ordered the most expensive steak. While eating the delicious steak, a piece accidentally entered into your trachea instead of the esophagus. Explain how this event would affect your blood pH?

What physiological factors affect strength? What physiological factors affect power? (Provide at least 2 factors for strength and at least 2 for power)

There are often significant differences in how people respond to the same resistance training program. Provide some reasons for this individual variation within the population.

Please included as much detail as possible, thank you!

1. List the six well-established anterior pituitary hormones and their functions.

2. Discuss the relationships between dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine.

3.  List five functions of the respiratory system.   List and discuss the three physical properties of the lung that affect its function

Describe the origin and lifecycle of the red blood cells.

1. let's say CFTR (encoding the CFTR Cl- channel) has two alleles: + (which encodes a functional product) and - (which encodes a non-functional product). CFTR is a Cl- transporter expressed in many epithelial cells. LDLR is on chromosome 7. A person with the -/- genotype has Cystic Fibrosis but those with either +/- or +/+ genotypes do not. Which of the following is true?

2.

let's say SLC2A4 (encoding the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT4) has two alleles: + (which encodes a functional product) and - (which encodes a non-functional product). If GLUT4 expression is necessary to not have diabetes, which of the following can we definitely conclude? (More than one answer may seem correct but only one answer logically follows the information)

3.

a pretty good definition of a gene is

4.

In the chart:

What is in column A?

Please include as much detail as possible, thank you!

1. What is a surfactant and why is it important?

2.  Kate was involved in a ghastly motor accident. Autopsy reports indicated that her brain stem was transected rostral to the medulla oblongata. Can the Coroner rule out cessation of respiration as the cause of death? Why?

3. What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

4. Differentiate between type I and type II diabetes.

5. Both insulin and glucagon are released following the ingestion of a protein meal that raises plasma amino acid levels. Why is the secretion of both hormones necessary?

Order the events for the detection of somatic sensation. Place a 1 by the first event, a 2 by the second and so on.

The central process transmits the action potential to a second-order sensory neuron in the CNS.
The action potential is transferred to the central process in the posterior root ganglion.
The stimulus triggers an action potential.
The signal is transferred to other (third order) CNS sensory neurons for eventual perception and interpretation.
The action potential is propagated along the peripheral process of the neuron.

1. Muscle strength application:

1. Give the definition of muscle strength and describe the main applications of strength measurement                                                                                                         [5 marks]

2. Describe the main structural and functional differences between fusiform and pennate muscles in terms of their fibre length, velocity and force and their typical force-length and force-velocity relationships                                                  [5 marks]

(c) Which parameter related to muscle size and structure determines muscle power? Explain why, and summarise how O’Brien et al. (2009) demonstrate this to be the case in both adults and children, in their study titled “Strong relationships exist between muscle volume, joint power and whole-body external mechanical power in adults and children”.                                                                                                                        [10 marks]

1. Electromyography (EMG)

(a)  Consider the technique of electromyography (EMG) to examine muscle function about joints during movement. Explain where the captured, high frequency raw signal originates, and describe the physiological basis with reference to the relevant parts of the neuromuscular system.                                                                                         [8 marks]

(b) When processing EMG signals, the following terms are frequently encountered in the literature:

(i) Band Pass filtering

(ii) Full wave rectification

(iii) Normalisation to maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)

(iv) Median frequency

Please explain what each of these terms mean, and describe their relevance/role in the context of interpreting EMG.